Collecting Cartoon Models

Collecting cartoon models One of my favorite hobby I enjoy is collecting cartoon models. Collecting cartoon models is an important thing in my life. I like plastic model and come in pieces, I have to put them together. Plastic model is easier to save, this is why I don’t like glass models. I know model is in my primary school. If I like a cartoon I will collect a model of it. I have spent a long time collecting models. I started to collect models when I was 12 years-old. Near my primary school there is a model shop, where you can see many types of models. The owner has more than 3000 models in the shop because he likes models too.He is my friend now. My first model was bought in this shop. I bought a small size, it’s not expensive, but that is my favorite one. Every models I will spend a lot of times to search it, which standing is my favorite, which size is the best one. If I want buy a model, maybe I will prepare a long time. For example, I love Doraemon, he look like a blue cat, but no ears, because a mouse ate his ears, he is a robot. He has a younger sister, and he has many friends, the best one name’s Da Xiong, is Doraemon’s owner, he is very timid boy, but Doraemon always help him.I have more than hundred models about this cartoon, I have Da Xiong, Jing Xiang, Pang Hu, Xiao Fu, and Doraemon’s younger sister Dorami. My mother knows this hobby when I am 14 years-old, because I told her I want bought a display case, so I have a very big display case, it’s a glass one. The case has 7 shelves, it is tall than me, I think it can put 6 person like me in my display case, it is very big. I put my models in the display case, it must be very carefully. Because if you not carefully the models maybe will break or change their standing.Collecting models is fun thing to do, it is interesting for me. I like to assembly them by myself. It makes me happy and calm, the reason is because I need pay attention when I do it. When you a ssembling models and at the same time you try to do another thing, your models maybe can’t do like you want, you will have error, and make your models break. I have more than a thousand models, the biggest one is tall 115cm, like a person; the middle size needs more time to assembly them, because the middle size is easier than other ize to assembly it, they are the most complex; and the smallest size, you can put them on desk or car dashboard. I can change models color or standing, some models you can paint them by yourself, when you buy the models, in the packing box maybe they give you tools to paint. I like paint my models, but I am not a good painter. Collecting cartoon models is a fun hobby for me, I really enjoy it, it’s not easy for a beginner. If you just a beginner, maybe you don’t know how to deal some part, which part put together and use which color. That is a big problem.But when you start to assembly models, I am sure you will love it, because you accomplish a model by yourself, it can give you a chance to help you build your confidence, maybe you will say, â€Å"Look! I am the winner, I can complete it by myself! † If you want buy a model you like, you need search for them in many model stores, because at that time, model isn’t very popular in China, you need ask other and find the model stores, maybe the shop is in some small road, you may spend a lot of time searching for models and the way, if you want to have as many models as me. But it’s still fun for me after all these years. [pic] Collecting Cartoon Models Collecting cartoon models One of my favorite hobby I enjoy is collecting cartoon models. Collecting cartoon models is an important thing in my life. I like plastic model and come in pieces, I have to put them together. Plastic model is easier to save, this is why I don’t like glass models. I know model is in my primary school. If I like a cartoon I will collect a model of it. I have spent a long time collecting models. I started to collect models when I was 12 years-old. Near my primary school there is a model shop, where you can see many types of models. The owner has more than 3000 models in the shop because he likes models too.He is my friend now. My first model was bought in this shop. I bought a small size, it’s not expensive, but that is my favorite one. Every models I will spend a lot of times to search it, which standing is my favorite, which size is the best one. If I want buy a model, maybe I will prepare a long time. For example, I love Doraemon, he look like a blue cat, but no ears, because a mouse ate his ears, he is a robot. He has a younger sister, and he has many friends, the best one name’s Da Xiong, is Doraemon’s owner, he is very timid boy, but Doraemon always help him.I have more than hundred models about this cartoon, I have Da Xiong, Jing Xiang, Pang Hu, Xiao Fu, and Doraemon’s younger sister Dorami. My mother knows this hobby when I am 14 years-old, because I told her I want bought a display case, so I have a very big display case, it’s a glass one. The case has 7 shelves, it is tall than me, I think it can put 6 person like me in my display case, it is very big. I put my models in the display case, it must be very carefully. Because if you not carefully the models maybe will break or change their standing.Collecting models is fun thing to do, it is interesting for me. I like to assembly them by myself. It makes me happy and calm, the reason is because I need pay attention when I do it. When you a ssembling models and at the same time you try to do another thing, your models maybe can’t do like you want, you will have error, and make your models break. I have more than a thousand models, the biggest one is tall 115cm, like a person; the middle size needs more time to assembly them, because the middle size is easier than other ize to assembly it, they are the most complex; and the smallest size, you can put them on desk or car dashboard. I can change models color or standing, some models you can paint them by yourself, when you buy the models, in the packing box maybe they give you tools to paint. I like paint my models, but I am not a good painter. Collecting cartoon models is a fun hobby for me, I really enjoy it, it’s not easy for a beginner. If you just a beginner, maybe you don’t know how to deal some part, which part put together and use which color. That is a big problem.But when you start to assembly models, I am sure you will love it, because you accomplish a model by yourself, it can give you a chance to help you build your confidence, maybe you will say, â€Å"Look! I am the winner, I can complete it by myself! † If you want buy a model you like, you need search for them in many model stores, because at that time, model isn’t very popular in China, you need ask other and find the model stores, maybe the shop is in some small road, you may spend a lot of time searching for models and the way, if you want to have as many models as me. But it’s still fun for me after all these years. [pic]

Coco Chanel Essay

Coco Chanel Coco Chanel was one of the most prominent fashion designers of the 20th century. Her contribution in the development of fashion can hardly be underestimated. In fact, she revolutionized fashion in a way, since she was one of the first fashion designers who made women think of themselves first rather than think how they look for their men, which was a traditional view on female fashion at the epoch. In actuality, the significance and her great contribution in the development of fashion as well as 20th century culture at large was marked by her contemporaries as well as modern specialists. For instance, she was the only person in the field of fashion design to be named on TME Magazine’s 100 Most Influential People of the 20th Century (Charles-Roux, 145). In such a way, she gained a public approval and popularity which made her name one of the most recognizable in the fashion world. At the same time, her life was quite difficult, especially during her early years and war time periods. In fact, she witnessed two world wars but she kept working regardless of all the problems and challenges she faced in her life. In fact, her work was her true passion she remained devoted to from her early life until the end. Gabrielle Bonheur â€Å"Coco† Chanel was born on August 19, 1883. She was a second daughter of travelling salesman Albert Chanel and Jeanne Devolle in a small city of Saumur, France (Orecklin, 49). In fact, her family was poor and she was raised in poverty stricken neighborhood along with her five siblings. Remarkably, when she got her birth certificate her name misspelled â€Å"Chasnel† because nobody knew how to spell Chanel correctly. As a result, the mayor of the city had to improvise and added the letter â€Å"S† in her name, which later became a serious problem for her biographers, who could not trace her origin and define genealogical tree because of such an error in her name (Orecklin, 51). However, the misspelling of her name was definitely not the biggest misfortune that happened to her in her early life. She lived in poverty and was practically of an opportunity to get a good education. Moreover, when she was twelve, her mother died of tuberculosis that provoked a serious psychological trauma for the child. At the same time, her father could not stay with the children all the time. He had to work to earn for living and to maintain the family, in which he was the only breadwinner. This is why Coco Chanel was sent to the orphanage of the Catholic monastery of Aubazine, where she spent seven years and where she received her basic education. In fact, it is in the monastery she learned the trade of seamstress. However, she did not spend all the time in the monastery. During the vacations she went to her relatives in a provincial city, where her female relatives taught her to sew with more flourish than the nuns in the monastery were able to demonstrate. In such a way, her interest, her passion to design had started to develop since her childhood as she learned to sew and gradually she became very skilful in this field. At this point, it should be said that she was apparently a gifted person since she managed to develop her skills and abilities to the extent that she became able not only to create traditional wear, but she proved to be able to experiment and find new, original solutions, which were unusual for her time (Dwight, 119). However, at the early started to demonstrate her talent, which though was immature at the epoch. Nevertheless, her professional knowledge, to a significant extent, defined her further life, as her first job was the work at a local tailor, where she was employed at the age of eighteen as she left the orphanage. In fact, it was her first step in her professional career insignificant it seems to be, but still it was very important in regard to her future professional career since she could have hardly find a different work. Moreover, it was the only work where she could realize her full potential and implement her creative ideas while developing new wear. At the same time, it should be said that she could not afford working at a tailor for a long time because she needed to realize her ideas and she wanted to create clothes of her own. However, she could hardly start her own business, if she had failed to meet Etienne Balsan at the tailor’s shop where Coco Chanel worked. In fact, it was an occasional encounter which though outgrew into a love affair which opened Chanel the way to a new, different and better life. Etienne Balsan was rich and quite influential. It is during her life with Balsan, Coco Chanel started to design hats. At first, it was just a hobby which gradually transformed into a true passion for designing new clothe items, especially hats, where she grew more and more skillful. Her early works were characterized by high originality since they were quite different from traditional hats. At the same time, the high quality of her products attracted a lot of customers, while her acquaintance with Balsan allowed her to engage customers representing the upper-class of the French society (Charles-Roux, 210). Nevertheless, her love affair with Balsan failed to evolve into a true love. At any rate, their relationships did not last for a long period of time and Coco Chanel left Balsan, moved to Paris and took over his apartment in the French capital. In 1913, she opened her first shop, where she sold fashionable raincoats and jackets. Remarkably, the originality and quality of her wear contributed to the huge success of her shop which allowed her to maintain relatively high standards of life and she became very popular in Paris, which, at the epoch, was one of the world’s centers of the fashion industry. However, the development of her business in Paris was overshadowed by the outbreak of World War I, which started in 1914 and affected the life of the entire country dramatically (Charles-Roux, 219). Nevertheless, Coco Chanel had never stopped working and continued designing new products which still remained popular and the demand for her wear was traditionally high. But she had to stop her business in Paris because she was deprived of all her properties. Nevertheless, Coco Chanel was not discouraged and carried on her professional work and designing became an essential part of her life. On the other hand, she could live with her ideas only. She needed money to earn to maintain living. In this regard, the assistance of Balsan’s friend, Arthur â€Å"Boy† Capel proved to be very helpful for Coco Chanel. Their friendship evolved into a love affair which made them very close and Capel helped Coco Chanel to open a new shop in Brittany, France, which, similarly to the shop in Paris, became very popular among local customers (Weber, 35). It is worth mentioning the fact that celebrated French actresses buy wear in Chanels’ shop which was very important for the promotional campaign of her shop. In fact, the interest of celebrities to her shop contributed to the growing popularity of her products and her design in France that contributed to her professional recognition, while the popularity allowed her to expand her business steadily. Due to her popularity, she managed to introduce new women’s sportswear at her new boutique in Deauville. In such a way, she could expand her business, but, what was even more important, Coco Chanel changed the philosophy of women’s wear. To put it more precisely, her new design and new wear made women confident of the fact that they were supposed to dress for themselves but not for their men. In fact, it was a revolutionary philosophy for France as well as the entire world at the epoch of World War I, when the ominance of men was unchallengeable, while the development of feminism was still insignificant (Charles-Roux, 248). Nevertheless, the design and new philosophy of Chanel produced a significant impact on the development of fashion and the 20th century culture at large. Remarkably, as Coco Chanel grew more and more popular she attempted to change some facts from her past. For instance, she pretended to be born in 1893, instead of 1883, while she insisted that she lo st her mother at the age of six, instead of twelve. In such a way, she created a kind of tragic image of an orphan girl, who managed to achieve a tremendous success due her talent and hard work. At the same time, such manipulations with her past evoked numerous controversies which were insurmountable for her biographers. This is why some details of her biography are still quite controversial and unclear. The 1920s were the epoch of the fast progress of Coco Chanel as a designer and her business developed successfully. Her design was really unique and her wear was very popular in France as well as in other countries. In this respect, it is worth mentioning the fact that her acquaintance with Vera Bate Lombardi, a daughter of Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge and Duke of Teck, became of a paramount importance for Chanel’s empire. In fact, Vera Lombardi became Chanel’s muse and public relations liaison to a number of European royal families, including the British royal family. Her acquaintance with representatives of royal families and upper-classes contributed to her empire growth in power. As a result, before World War II, Chanel’s was one of the most influential designers in Europe as well as the world, because Europe, especially Paris, where Coco Chanel resided in the Hotel Ritz Paris, was the heart of the world’s fashion design (Barringer, 28). However, World War II forced Coco Chanel to stop her work and business. Nevertheless, she remained in Paris even during the German occupation. This period in her life was probably the most controversial because, after the war, she was repeatedly accused of collaborationism. For instance, she was suspected of having a love affair with a German officer and Nazi soy Hans Gunther von Dinklage. Moreover, she was even arrested after the war but she escaped the t rial after the interference of the British royal family, but she was forced to move to Switzerland where she lived until 1954. In 1954, she returned to Paris where she renewed her work and her business, but her new collection did not have much success with the Parisians and French because they believe Chanel to be a collaborationist, which produced a negative impact on her public image. Nevertheless, in spite of the failure in France, Chanel had open a new market, the USA, where her wear became extremely popular and the USA became her main market in the post-World War II period. On the other hand, even though the USA was the main market for Chanel’s Empire, Coco Chanel, herself, had never left Paris and stayed in this city until her death on 10 January 1971. She died at the age of 88 in her private suit in the Ritz Hotel Paris and she was buried in Lausanne, Switzerland (Charles-Roux, 341). Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that Coco Chanel was a very influential fashion designer. She had changed the traditional view on women’s wear and she had changed the women’s philosophy in regard to the wear. She was one of the first designers who made women think of themselves above all, instead of thinking of their men when they choose the clothes. At the same time, her personality is still quite controversial because, in spite of a huge popularity before World War II, she failed to regain the popularity in France after the war.

Predestination: Christianity and Romans

Predestination is one of the most widely debated topics in the Christian world among many denominations today. There are many differing views and it is a harder topic to explain and understand. Often this topic is argued by twisting or taking the bible out of context. On the other hand many people truly don’t understand predestination and what it means or what it is. Others don’t want to understand predestination because of their fear that it might be truth. This paper will be outlining predestination and Calvinism by explaining this view as well as taking a deeper look into how Romans & Galatians fits into this view.Predestination has been defined in many ways by the many different denominations. Predestination is ultimately defined in our final destination is decided by God before we were even born. God decides if we are to be saved or not. He has foreordained all things that have come to pass and will continue into the future. It is the act that God chooses those who m he wants to be saved and the rest are left for eternal punishment in hell. This is not because God is unloving but because he is just and righteous. In the end the goal and duty as Christians are to bring glory to God and to evangelize as many as possible.Our concentration should be on Christ. Predestination is divided into two parts: election and reprobation. Election is unconditional and absolute; it is God’s election of man to salvation, not because of man’s works or merit. Election and reprobation have their basis in the good pleasure of God. Reprobation is defined as preterition and condemnation. Preterition is the passing over of some in the decree of election. God owes man nothing but judgment shown in Matt 20:15. God chooses whom he wants and man cannot justly argue against God for passing over him in election, which is God’s choice of condemnation.God’s choice of saving people is the same as God’s choice of the condemnation of others. Co ndemnation is an act of God as a sovereign judge. This condemnation comes from sin, which also damns man to hell. In order for God to be righteous and glorified those who are in sin should be punished. Everything is done for the glory of God 2 Tim 1:9, Heb. 2:10. The fact that some are elected and others are not is explained through God’s glory and sovereignty. Anything that God does is for his glory and this is best demonstrated through his decrees. The decrees of God are his eternal purpose according to the council of His will, where by for His own glory, He hath foreordained what so ever comes to pass† (Shorter Catechism #8). God’s decrees are free, sovereign, absolute, and efficacious. God’s decrees are free in that he moves by his own good pleasure. God’s decrees are sovereign because nothing occurs outside of God’s control or knowledge. God is a God who reigns and is in control and not limited in any way. God’s decrees are absolu te because they are not dependent upon any conditions that are not themselves determined by divine decree.God’s decrees are efficacious in that they infallibly determine the certainty of the future events decreed. These decrees are for God’s glory alone and not all ways for the good of the creature. God’s decrees relate to all events and comprehend all things in heaven and in earth. Therefore His providence is determined through his decrees. Though God’s providence he preserves and directs all his creatures. In the view of predestination God cares especially for his elect. In predestination the more debated topic is that of man’s free will. This free will is the choice that man has to choose God or choose to let the Holy Spirit work.This free will can be defined as freedom of indeterminacy or uncertainty, freedom of self-determination, and the power to contrary choice. Self-determination is directing ones self from the inside with no direction from the outside. The argument against predestination determines that a sinner freely chooses God or rejects Christ. The question of will is not whether man wills or even has a will, but whether God determines their will for good. Likewise the question is not whether a man chooses; but whether his choice has a cause or reason.This choice or lack there of is shown through the fact that man is a slave to sin John 8:34. As a slave to sin can man truly choose that which is good? One example of this is in the truth that God cannot lie. It is against his nature. God does not want to lie, so he cannot lie through his own free will Titus 1:2. Some verses talking about the will of man include John 6:65 which states, â€Å"no one can come to me unless it has been granted to him by the father. † In John 17:12 Jesus says that he has kept all those whom God has given him. According to John 6 man in his free will cannot believe because it is not in his heart to do so.Predestination suggests th at if man can choose God by the free will of his corrupt and perverse heart, it gives him more liberty and power than God himself. There is a barrier that every man cannot over come. That is the barrier of sin. It is not that he doesn’t want to choose God, although that is involved, it is that he cannot come to God, because he does not have the spiritual capacity to change his own heart and deny his own nature. Man always chooses sin and that which is corrupt unless he has a changed heart. Man is full of corruption.Therefore, man’s free will gives man nothing and is not the source of his salvation. The issue comes up that God is not fair and that he is not loving. If God were just and fair all humans would be in hell suffering eternal damnation. Mat 22:14 suggests that many are called but few are chosen. Here is al list of verses supporting predestination: John 8:6-7; Rom 11:5-7; John 6:12, 37-39, 44, 46, 65; John 15:16; John 3:5-7, 19-20; John 15:16-19; 2 Cor 5:14-17; 2 Tim 1:9; Matt. 20:16; John 8:34; Romans 8:6-7; and 2 Tim 2:26. Predestination came about through the works of Calvin, which later was named Calvinism.This view has give major points known in the word Tulip which is total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, and perseverance of the saints. Romans & Galatians include many verses on the subject of Calvinism and many of this view use Romans as one of the most powerful books toward their argument. The first point total depravity is strongly upheld in Romans. This is the total inability of man. Man’s nature is corrupt, perverse, and sinful throughout. The word â€Å"total† in this point refers to the whole man and being are depraved.Man’s nature is sinful because of the sin that Adam committed in the very beginning. We are dead in sin. Man is utterly depraved and cannot come to God on his own accord. This is what Paul was trying to portray to the Romans. Chapter 3 best demonstra tes this truth about man’s state in this world. The first verse in Romans that points to mans sinful nature and inability to accept God is in Rom 1:20 which states, â€Å"For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world in the things that have been made.So they are without excuse. † This verse emphasizes that God has given man enough knowledge about himself through this world and nature to condemn man. This shows that evangelism doesn’t even have to be present for man to be condemned. Humanity was condemned the day it was born. Man is depraved from the heart and cannot come to God unless the Holy Spirit calls him and changes his heart. Chapter 1 also demonstrates the vileness and depravity of the people in Rome.Verses 24-25 say, â€Å"Therefore God gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to impurity, to the dishonoring of their bodies among themselves, because they exc hanged the truth about God for a lie and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. † Paul continues this same topic into chapter 2 and 3 of Romans. Verse 6 of chapter 2 says, â€Å"He will render to each one according to his works. † God punishes those whom he wants because He is a just God. This same judgment is taken through verses 12-29. Paul then continues in chapter 3 preaching on the inability of man.This chapter is the strongest support of this point of Calvinism. Verse 9 begins to show that Jews are no better than any other human being. Paul was preaching directly to the Jews telling them that no one is righteous, not even one vs. 10. He continues in vs. 11-12 â€Å"no one understands; no one seeks for God. All have turned aside; together they have become worthless; no one does good, not even one. † There are none righteous in the whole world. The second point of Calvinism is the unconditional election of man. God chooses certain individuals from fallen sinners to receive grace and salvation.God could have saved all men from condemnation or he could have chosen to save none but by his grace he has chosen those whom he wants. This choice was not because of man’s works but instead by the mercy and will of God 1 Thes. 5:9, Eph. 1:5. This point is also shown through Galatians revealing that our salvation is through grace not of works lest any one should boast. In Romans 1 also shows that God passes over some and chooses others. Verse 6 calls the elect the chosen ones of Christ. He chose to give over these Roman sinners to the desires of their heart in order that they may receive their due punishment.God also darkens the hearts of those he chooses. Romans 8:28-30 states, â€Å"And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose. For those whom he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, in order that he might be the first-born among many brothers. And those whom he predestined he also called, and those whom he called he also justified, and those whom he justified he also glorified. † This verse most specifically talks about predestination because it mentions the word as well as how God works in the process of salvation.In these verses we see that God does predestine mankind to be saved or for condemnation. Those he chose he also called. Later in vs. 33 Paul directly references Gods elect. The strongest passage for unconditional election is Romans 9 speaking on the subject of God’s sovereign choice. Paul was taking examples from the Old Testament. Paul calls the elect as the children of promise in vs. 8. God chooses not because of what man did but because of hi own will. Verse 10-24 talks about God’s purpose in election. He chose man before he was even born having done nothing bad or good vs. 1. Verse 13 states that â€Å"Jacob have I loved, but E sau I have hated†. This shows the will and sovereignty of God. Paul continues to emphasize that God is fair and he does what he chooses with whom he chooses. Many suggest that God is not fair and that God is showing favoritism when he chooses some and not others but God himself says in vs. 15 â€Å"I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion. † Romans continues to show that as creator God can do whatever he wants with his creation and creatures.God uses us for specific purposes in this life and we are all apart of God’s plan. It is hard to understand God’s decision to create creatures just for condemnation but this is reality. Romans 9:22 states, â€Å"What if God, desiring to show his wrath and to make known his power, has endured with much patience vessels of wrath prepared for destruction. † In the end man chooses sin and can only choose sin. Whether or not predestination is true, man goes to hell because of his decision. Some other verses regarding the election are found in Romans 11:5, 7, and 28.The third point in Calvinism is particular redemption known more commonly as limited atonement. This is explained through the work of Christ on the Cross. Christ only atoned for those whom God chose to be saved by grace. Therefore Christ didn’t die for the whole world but instead died for those who were called (the elect). Romans 8:30 also demonstrates this point. Christ’s power on the Cross was eternal. Therefore with this kind of power Christ had to only died for those who God chose and believed in Him because if Christ had redeemed the whole world then the whole world would be blameless before God and saved.If Christ had died for the world then he would have died for those who have already gone to hell. This limits Christ’s power and ultimately makes Christ’s role in this world for sinners meaningless. The fourth point of Calvinism is the efficacious c all of the Holy Spirit also known as irresistible grace. The Holy Spirit uses the gospel to call people to himself and God. He calls the elect from the inside and places a desire for God in their hearts. This call of the Holy Spirit is irresistible meaning that man cannot resist the power of the Holy Spirit.Those who were called by the Spirit were saved by Christ on the Cross and justified in the sight of God. The Holy Spirit is also powerful and his calling is irresistible. Whenever the bible speaks of the calling of God this is reference to the calling of the Holy Spirit. Galatians 1:15-16 states, â€Å"But when he who called me by his grace, was pleased to reveal his Son to me, in order that I might preach him among the Gentiles, I did not immediately consult with anyone. † Paul constantly suggests that we are called by his Grace.The fifth and final point of Calvinism is the perseverance of the saints. This is the security that believers have in Christ to never fall away f rom the hand and hold of Christ. All believers are eternally secure in Him. No one or nothing can separate God from His elected. We are saints in Gods sight. Romans 8:38-39 proves this point which states, â€Å"For I am sure that neither death nor life, nor angels nor rulers, nor things present nor things to come, nor powers, nor height nor depth, nor anything else in all creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord. This shows that nothing can be taken away from God’s hands or snatched out of His fingers. Christ is powerful and Satan can do nothing against the power of God. This verse specifically names many things and some powerful things but nothing can take believers away from Christ. Believers cannot loose their salvation. If believers could loose their salvation then God is limited and the devil is more powerful than God. This would also negate Jesus and his role on earth. Paul speaks of the righteousness of believers in Christ in Galatians 3.Paul begins to talk about being in the spirit or having salvation and suggesting to them that they are foolish because they are in sin and their fleshly desires are dominating. Paul continues to talk about the promise given to Abraham, which is eternal life. This covenant and promise that believers have in Christ is eternal and not moving or changing. This shows that believers cannot loose their salvation but instead they were not saved in the beginning or they are struggling with their sin. Predestination is clear to some but not to others many also use verses in Romans and Galatians that point away from Calvinism.Romans 5:18-19 states, â€Å"Therefore, as one trespass led to condemnation for all men, so one act of righteousness leads to justification and life for all men. For as by the ones man’s disobedience the many were made sinners, so by the one man’s obedience the many will be made righteous. † This verse shows that condemnation is for all m en, which is direct and true but then Paul says that Christ’s act on the cross leads to justification and life for all men. If this were true then all men would be saved. Therefore, Paul here is talking about all believers.Romans 10:13-14,17 also states, â€Å"For everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved. But how are they to call on him whom they have not believed? And how are they to believe in him whom they have never heard? And how are they to hear without someone preaching? So faith comes form hearing, and hearing from the word of Christ. † This verse also shows that those who call on Christ are saved. Many take this verse to mean that humans have a choice to call on God while they are in sin and that this leaves no grounds for unconditional election.Man cannot call unto God unless the Holy Spirit has worked in their hearts so that they no longer are subject to the power of sin and the blindness that comes from sin. Predestination is a powerful view and is debated among many but the most important fact about the Christian life is not the small things of doctrine but instead the Christian duty to go out into the world and preach the Gospel to the nations. Christians are called to serve Christ and build up one another not argue about doctrine. Christ is the most important part of being a Christian and that fact many times is overlooked.

The effects of the 2008 financial crisis on the investment in the Gulf Research Paper - 2

The effects of the 2008 financial crisis on the investment in the Gulf area and Qatar(different copy) - Research Paper Example The initial impact of the financial crisis was felt partly in some Arab states depending on their participation in the international markets (Qatar 6). Impact on Finance and Economy The 2008 global economic crisis affected the financial markets of countries in the Gulf region. In many states, the stock exchange index declined by nearly 62% in 2008. By 2009, the projected GDP growth rates had fallen from 3.5% to 0.5% (Rocha & Subika 71). In addition, the economic growth decreased by more than 3% in the same year. With the exception of Qatar and Yemen, most states in the gulf area have projected lower GDP growth rates. The cornerstone of Qatar’s’ economy is petroleum. Most of the government revenue, export earnings, and GDP are derived from oil reserves and gas exports. Qatar is the third producer and exporter of oil in the world making it the richest country in the world (Rocha & Subika 71). Effects on banking The banking sector in Qatar escaped the impact of the financi al crisis. Most banks all over the world lost their role as creditors and financiers because of the crisis. Banks in Qatar posted big profits in the Gulf Cooperation Council markets in 2009 despite the financial crisis (Sheng 45). ... Qatar’s Central Bank has taken measures particularly in the real estate sector. Qatari Central Bank issues instructions on buying of shares and financing of real estate projects. Decisions of lowering interest rates, enhancing the compulsory reserve ratios and other key issues in management of banks have been properly addressed in accordance with market mechanism. Qatar’s monetary policy is risk free due to the sound policies implemented to attract foreign markets (Rocha & Subika 65). Economic growth and Employment Before the financial crisis, the gulf region had numerous job opportunities in the world. The financial crisis led to a decline in job opportunities in the gulf area. Total employment decreased greatly. Research shows that the percentage of women seeking employment also increased in the region due to the effects of the financial crisis that caused slow economic growth, inflation, and economic meltdown. Agriculture and manufacturing that were once the main sou rces of employment are now less competitive because of the export of goods to the global markets. It is difficult for women and girls to find jobs that are considered gender appropriate (Sheng 34). The financial crisis led to a decline in labour productivity in the non-oil sectors in the Gulf region and especially in Qatar. An expectation of future pick up in labour has led to hoarding resulting and reduced productivity of labor. Recent conducted analysis shows that the working age and gender have a great impact on the labour force. The global crisis has led to a reduction in migrant remittances. Migrants are important because they contribute to the labor force in the

Vsphere 4.1 and the security enhancements of it Essay

Vsphere 4.1 and the security enhancements of it - Essay Example However, the network security remains a topmost consideration for manager at all levels and a solution viability and dependability proportionate the level of security it ensures. Specially, the threat of hackers requires extra bit of security and guard to ensure the cyber security in various implementations of virtualization. Therefore, the security aspect of virtualization software has become an important feature to lookout while determining its worth. vSphere â„ ¢ 4.1 VSphere â„ ¢ 4.1 is a virtualization platform provided by the VMware, a pioneer firm in the field of virtualization. The platform is used extensively in the industry for deployment of numerous servers and host in cloud infrastructures. The basic theme is to increase the utilization by exploiting the flexibilities of computing power of a server machine while incorporating effective security controls at various layers of a cloud network. The challenges faced by the platform include the higher availability of the n etwork resources, solid integration of various virtualized servers and ensured directory level security. VSphere â„ ¢4.1 has distinct security feature for various level including Enterprise, DMZ and Specialize Security Limited Functionality (SSLF). VSphere â„ ¢4.1 has come up with newer feature to introduce and incorporate these and many other built-in security controls and features. Some of these security enhancements are discussed in the following paragraphs. Operating System Hardening VSphere â„ ¢4.1 provides various OS hardening features at various levels of the infrastructure. This includes numerous Virtual Machine (VM) Management APIs which enables system administrators to write programs and scripts both for VM operations and guest operating systems. Management APIs provide extended flexibility to server administrators and managers to incorporate a tailor made model of security into cloud infrastructure. vMotionTM The agile and quickest response of a resource is the p rime objective of higher availability in virtualized network infrastructures. The vMotionTM feature of vSphere â„ ¢ ensures the five times faster migrations of servers within platform with an added benefit of eight parallel vMotionTM events. This fast response time and parallel computing support is an important enhancement when compared to previous versions of the software. A network environment is considered as much secure as much it ensures the failover and backup capabilities. High Availability In today’s cyber world when your private network have to have an external face for integration with external private and public networks, the implementation of security measures, diagnostic routines and continuous health checks become indispensable and crucial for hackers prevention and cyber security. vSphere â„ ¢ 4.1 has several feature and algorithms to ensure high availability of your network through on the fly health checks and diagnostic utilities. â€Å"Deeper diagnost ic and health check capabilities further enhances application availability in virtual machines† (VMware, 2010). Active Directory Integration Authorization and authentication of legitimate users and administrators is a core security concern in business domains where remote access encounters an ever present hacking and other cybercrimes threat. This concern grows even deeper when you have several servers

Unit 3 Taxation and Representation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 3 Taxation and Representation - Assignment Example ight by a considerable extent, which was evident by having a close look on their respective approaches towards fulfilling such rights effectively (Ward, â€Å"History in the Making: An Absorbing Look at How American History Has Changed in the Telling over the Last 200 Years†). According to Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams, the right of taxation was referred to an option, which has been provided to the willing Englishmen by the British government. However, this provision changed with time. The political rights belonged exclusively to the colonists included the right to vote, order or proceed whereas, the power and authority over the British parliament remained confined to the concerning authorities. The above stated rights regarding the power to vote, order and proceed were only agreed upon by the legislation and the Parliament in terms of sharing with the colonists (Hanover, â€Å"Samuel Adams, and The Rights of the Colonists†). The existence of unrealistic expectations about the relationship prevailed between the mother country and its colonies can be duly considered as a major cause for the revolt brought upon by the colonists over Great Britain. For instance, the unrealistic and the ineffective mandates set up by the Parliament gradually resulted in raising several debates about taxation in the 1700s (GMW, â€Å"Soame Jenyns the Objections to the taxation considerd

Inferential Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Inferential Statistics - Essay Example In effect the new drug which comes in the form of a pill is believed to be as powerful as a cocktail of several multiple medications. The new drug that has been developed is as efficient as the standard multi-drug regimen. The null and the alternative hypothesis for difference in the efficiency of the new drug as a standard multi-drug regime may be simplified as below: When conducting statistical studies, variables have to be analyzed. In the case of measuring drug efficiency, the researcher may consider the frequency of administering the drugs, and the dosage as independent variables while the dependent variable may be the intensity of the symptoms of AIDS on the patients. The efficiency of a drug maybe defined as the ability of the drug to give particular results without due regard to dosage (Pokrovskii and Kompaniets, 2008). Thus, the: AIDS is a disease that attacks people irrespective of their gender, race, age, and socio-economic backgrounds. While this is the case, it must be considered the ethical and legal implications of using certain elements of the population such as children for certain tests. In order to have a representative sample that will properly and adequately represent the effectiveness of the drug, probability sampling will be employed. In the probability sampling strategy, simple random sampling will be done in which the sample will consist of people who are infected with AIDS. All elements of the samples will be of legal age according to the country’s laws and will be engaged in the tests out of free will. The subjects will be selected by screening them for other diseases; those with composite diseases will be disqualified and only those with AIDS will be considered. In order to establish the true efficacy of the new drug, the test will have to be devoid of experimenter and selection bias (Cortes, Mehryar, Riley and Rostamizadeh (nd). Selection bias in this case is an error

Differences between British and American English Essay

Differences between British and American English - Essay Example There exist varieties of the English language from different places in the world. However, British and American English are the two most common in print and media.Historically, British settlers moved into American and continued to use English; they encountered Native Americans.In addition, people from other nationalities also settled in America. English development in America can be said to have been influenced by a combination of various cultures and the geographical separation with Britain. American English is spoken in the US while British English is spoken in Britain. This paper looks into the differences that exist between the languages in terms of vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation and accents. The colonization of USA by Britain meant that controversy would always arise on the use of English. On one hand, some Americans wanted to eradicate the presence of the British; thus, they did not want British English. On the other hand, supporters of the British Empire wanted retention of British English. Politics and language became inseparable from this moment. Politically, the end of World War II ushered in an era where America became a superpower. Besides, America’s political, economic and technological influence grew while the British one waned. Accompanied with global dominance and a bigger population, US linguistic influence also rose considerably. British English did not lose its influence at all, but it was rather used in Britain, and other countries colonized by the British retained spellings using British English. Vocabulary British and American English have inherent differences in their vocabulary; the differences arise due to enrichment of words from different sources and subsequent adoption by generations. America is a melting point with people from diverse cultures and backgrounds. The evolvement of the English language over time occurred with both the British and Americans coining their own words and meanings separately. Unique words appear in each of the two varieties of English; sometimes the same words appear in both but the meanings are different. Some words appear only in American English like French fries and apartment while others appear in British English to denote the same thing like chips and flats. British English takes more time than American English in accepting new words (Style guide 151). Spelling Differences There are differences in spelling between the two varieties; American English omits some letters since pronunciation is written as the word appears. This could include color, honor, rather than colour or honour used in British English. Americans write a check while the British use the word cheque. Equally, the Americans use shorter forms ending in -m/-mme, for example, the British use the longer version programme. -Ae/-oe is common in British English especially in medical conditions e.g. gynaecologists and anaesthesia. For American English, the composite vowel is dropped and substituted with one â⠂¬â€œe; gynecology takes a new form and also anesthsia. Another difference occurs when we use –ce/se, in British English verbs related to nouns end with se; device is a noun but devise is a verb, the pronunciation changes in such instances. American English can use the suffix –se for nouns, and the pronunciation does not change. There are other differences in the suffixes between the two varieties; there is exclusion of –e/-ue in American English, and British English maintains this could include words such as dialog vs. dialogue. The omission of letters also appears in American English when creating adjectives with –eable /able; unshakable appears in American variety, but unshakeable occurs in British English. At times, there are exceptional cases in which the –e is maintained when it influences the sound of previous consonant, this could include a word like manageable. In British English when suffixes start with a vowel before letter l, then the

Prime Minister Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Prime Minister - Essay Example UK Prime Minister could be termed as 'dude with all the power' once he is elected2. Today, most of the constitutional monarchies are prime ministerial by nature and structure. It is alleged that the Prime Minister's office does not have much legal roots, but is open to speculation and calculation of historians and political scientists3. In recent years, perhaps the most accused Prime Minister as a dictator is Margaret Thatcher4. Not having properly written powers has not prevented the Prime Minister's office from being in control of most of the situations5. The nature of the Prime Minister's work is all-pervasive. He is the national leader, chief policy maker, Parliament leader, leader of the ruling party and the most powerful point in whole of United Kingdom and all information and power are at his disposal6. UK Prime Ministers are also charged of sometimes behaving like the United States President. The Prime Minister, even though appointed by the British Monarch, is bound by the constitutional convention and if happens to lose the majority in House of Commons, is bound to resign or request for a general election. To some extent, Prime Minister's office is still a de facto shade in it; it is governed more by custom than by the law of the land. British Monarch is bound by Prime Minister's advice and this gives the Prime Minister a more powerful position. He also can use certain royal prerogatives directly7. Even though Prime Ministers are never prevented from running the country in their own individual syle, the fact remains that the his position remains ambiguous as he is not empowered by any statutory authority, other than his position, usually, as the First Lord of the Treasury, which grants him his salary and the public accommodation. The office of the Prime Minister is more conventional than that of a rightful position from the Constitution. But during times of emergency, the office attains greater significance as demanded by the circumstances8. As the Prime Minister is entitled to 'create a Cabinet', a corrupt Prime Minister can take advantage of this situation and fill the posts with his own people, who would blindly support him under all circumstances. As the Monarch's Royal Prerogative is applied by Prime Minister's advice, he could give the monarch feedbacks and suggestions, which would eventually serve his purpose and misguide the Sovereign in matters of country and law. The 'face' of the Royal power, the Cabinet can be bought by the Prime Minister and the whole set of officials, cabinet ministers, and even the members of the Ruling Party could be in his favour, if he bribes and favours them. He has power over Privy Counsellors, Ambassadors, Civil Servants, High Commissioners, army, military officers, judges, Bishops and Archbishops of the Church of England. Almost all these posts are filled up with the Prime Minister's advice to the Sovereign and a corrupt Prime Minister can bring his own people, with the ultimate goa l of becoming a dictator. Even the peerages,

Systems and Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Systems and Operations Management - Essay Example The company has had steady and consistent growth over years with growing and expanding customer base to Perth, Sydney and Canberra. It is aligned to the path of progress, increasing market share and sustainability of the business. The company has come of age through trial and error, occasionally faced by challenges ranging from changing business practices and customer desires. The growth has been informed by good business acumen of the founder, Lachlan Atokowa. The vision was in wealth accumulation and running a professional enterprise. The company has been able to command a good market by leveraging on the market potential and customer friendly prices and products. The company capitalizes on good business thriftiness and radical process change to ensure customer requirements are met. The company is currently in the process of reviewing its growth potential and increasing customer satisfaction by addressing their needs effectively. In doing so, the company will inspect the ingredient s of production like the inputs, process and outputs. Customer satisfaction will be attained by the company through meeting their requirements. The company will conduct verification, audit and inspection of its processes by undertaking data collection which will involve getting the responses of the customers about the products, customer handling and the effectiveness of the delivery process. This study will advise on what best to the process can be done in order increase process efficiency and effectiveness which will consequently increase the market share, increase dividends to shareholders and improve on customer satisfaction. The results will be tremendous as company long term survival, assured employment, greater market share and sustainability. The recommendations made regarding the change of process will ultimately change the effectiveness of operations and efficiency of the product life cycle. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 6 2. ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS AND OPERATIONS 6 i) Prod uct design and conceptualization 6 Fig. 1: Illustration of Atokowa product cycle 7 2.2 Listing objectives, likely risks and key controls areas in the process 8 2.3 Risks identified with Atokowa process and operations 8 Table 1: Risks identified with Atokowa process and operations 8 2.4 Atokowa process control 9 2.4.1 Process control tools 9 2.4.2Process Profile Work Sheet 10 Table 1: Atokowa process profile worksheet 10 2.4.3 Atokowa process analysis 11 2.5 Decision Hierarchy Models 11 2.5.1 Processes requiring improvement 12 Fig. 2: Atokowa process improvement tree 12 2.5.2 Atokowa process prioritization 13 Table 2: Atokowa process prioritization 13 2.5.3 Problem Identification 14 Figure 3: Atokowa decision process development 17 3.0 Conclusion 17 4.0 Recommendations 17 References 22 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Atokowa product system life cycle 7 Fig. 2: Atokowa process improvement tree 12 Figure 3: Atokowa decision process development 17 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Risks identified with A tokowa process and operations 8 Table 1: Atokowa process profile worksheet 10 Table 2: Atokowa process prioritization 13 1. INTRODUCTION Atokowa Company has a commitment to review its production processes as a means to exploit new business opportunities and market advantage. It is engaged in carrying out an effective analysis of a business process that should take into consideration the business’

How journalists influenced US war efforts in Vietnam Research Paper

How journalists influenced US war efforts in Vietnam - Research Paper Example The differences that led to war involved the Northerners favoring communist form of rule and the Southerners favoring non-communist form of rule. The stand by Southerners tended to cohere with the desire of USA, which hated communist rule. Coupled with the fear of about the possible spread of communist rule across the entire East Asia in case any country managed to secure an opportunity, USA resolved to help South Vietnam intensify war against North to defeat the idea of communism. The perceived support given to the South prompted the North to fire directly on US ships1. This act aggrieved US authorities thus resolving to direct involvement and participation in the war. This is how US entered into the Vietnam affair, where it emerged unsuccessful due to various factors. One of the main factors was the involvement of American journalists in an era when televisions were widespread across many households in US. 2The digital technology of television and newspapers facilitated the process of journalists transmitting real videos and pictures as happened in the battle ground. Influence of Journalists on US efforts in Vietnam War Prior to the arrival of the US journalists in the war field, US government tended to deliver deceptive reports concerning the progress of the war. At first, the government denied claims that US troops took part in the war, while they did. This came clear after the arrival of the journalists in the war field, who captured and aired the real events. The reports send by the journalists showed how US participated in aerial bombings that killed many people. Some of the news showed children running helplessly in Trang Bang after being hit by and injured by bombs fell by US military. 3These pictures frightened and aggrieved most of the Americans who started blaming the government for mismanaging American resources by fighting innocent children. In fact, television news and newspapers covered a terror-stricken girl running along the street naked after her cloths burnt in bomb triggered fires. In bid to quell citizens, American government responded by claiming that the attacks on children were due to misdirected bomb thrown by South Vietnamese soldiers4. This claim was in total contradiction to the pictures and videos transmitted by journalists, which showed US airplanes dropping the bombs. 5Journalist reported and transmitted videos of massacres of US soldiers during the Tet offense of 1968, alongside flying of dead bodies of soldiers back to US. Furthermore, journalists investigating the Vietnam at some moments focused on the sad atrocities caused by US soldiers who massacred people across Vietnam. This news increasingly aggrieved US citizens who continued to declare strong opposition of the government in the Vietnam War. 6In spite of the media transmitting clear pictures and information as happening in the battleground, US government persisted on denial and even quoting small number of deaths of soldier contrary to the visual records transmitted by media. It this continued denial of the government and closure of truth that aggravated public anger to an extent of engaging public protests demanding for withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam. 7The media through the respective investigative journalists stationed in Saigon did at one time transmit images about Buddhist crisis of 1963. The images showed people committing serious suicide away of protesting restriction to religious rights by Diem

Recruitment and Selection Process Essay Example for Free

Recruitment and Selection Process Essay Stages of recruitment and selection process – In a nut shell: 1. Job analysis: Determining the different aspect of a job through job description and job specification 1.1 Job description: Role within an organisation and lists the main tasks and responsibilities 1.2 Job specification: Highlights the characteristics a candidate needs for a post and the desired qualities 2. Sourcing: Attracting or identifying candidates internally or externally through advertisement (i.e. recruitment agencies, institutions, internet†¦etc) 3. Screening and selection: Assessing potential candidates, specifically, relevant skills, knowledge, aptitude, qualifications, and educational or job-related experience. Screening can be achieved by evaluating resumes and job applications, interviewing, and job-related or behavioural testing 4. On-boarding/induction: Process of helping new employees become a productive member of an organisation Definition: The process of sourcing and screening potential candidates that shares similar values and beliefs aligned with the organisation along with the desired knowledge, skills and experience to competently fulfil the defined job descriptions and specifications (Australian Human Resource Institute n.d, para. 1). Job Analysis: A job analysis is a systematic process where information regarding a job vacancy, specifically its duties and responsibilities as well as the knowledge, skills and abilities required, are collected to formulate a job description and job specification tailored to the organisation’s specific needs (HR Council n.d, para. 2) Job Description: The objective of a job description, according to HR Council (n.d), is to effectively ‘increase individual and organisational effectiveness’ by  aligning the daily duties and responsibilities of an employee with the overall mission, vision and value statement of the organisation Job Specification: Job specification, sometimes referred to as employee specification, is a written statement outlining the specific requirements demanded by an organisation including, but not limited to, characteristics, traits and qualifications that a potential candidate must possess to be considered for the position that he or she is applying for (Heathfield n.d; Management Study Guide n.d). Sourcing: According to Recruiter (n.d), sourcing is a process that ‘encompasses deep organizational talent strategy issues and in general, the practice and need to acquire human talent for any source of business need’. Sourcing can be seen as a tactic or as a strategy. When sourcing is referred to as a tactic, this often means ‘the practice of finding specialized candidates on the internet or through phone work’ (Recruiter n.d, para. 3). In contrast, sourcing as a strategy means ‘a number of different broad hiring initiatives or approaches to particular labour markets’ (Recruiter n.d, para. 5). Screening and selection: The process of screening and selection involves assessing and comparing potential candidates against a predetermined selection criteria factoring in their level of education, competencies, experience, skills and abilities and personal characteristics (ZeePedia n.d, p.82) as well as evaluating whether if their values and beliefs are compatible with the organizations overall mission, vision and values (Mayhew n.d, para. 5). Induction: Induction is a formal process where, according to Department of Human Services (2014), ‘new members of the organisation are welcomed to the organisation and given details about their position’ and introducing the hierarchy and line of communication involving the key people in the workplace (Department of Human Services 2014, para. 10). They are also  briefed on their roles, responsibilities and expectations in the daily operations. Sources: Australian Human Resource Institute n.d, RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION, Australian Human Resource Institute, retrieved 4 March 2015, HR Council n.d, Getting the Right People, HR Council, retrieved 6 March 2015, HR Council n.d, Getting the Right People, HR Council, retrieved 6 March 2015, Management Study Guide n.d, Job Description and Job Specification, Management Study Guide, retrieved 7 March 2015, Heathfield, S n.d, Job Specification, About Money, retrieved 7 March 2015, Recruiter n.d, Sourcing, Recruiter, retrieved 11 March 2015, ZeePedia n.d, SELECTION: Initial Screening, Advantages of Successful Screening, ZeePedia, retrieved 8 March 2015, Mayhew, R n.d, Methods of HR Selection Techniques, Demand Media, retrieved 8 March 2015, Department of Human Services 2014, Recruitment, selection and induction, Department of Human Services, retrieved 11 March 2015,

Solar Cell and Solar Energy Materials

Solar Cell and Solar Energy Materials Introduction: One of the biggest challenges to mankind is highly depended on the decreasing fusil fuels such as oil, coal, natural gas. Fusil fuels are nonrenewable energy resource which usually takes million of years to form. As a result, their reserves are depleted much faster than it forms. Furthermore, the combustion of these fuels causes environmental degradation through air pollution and global warming. Combustion of carbon-based fossil fuels creates not only air pollutants, for example, sulfur oxides, nitrogen odixe and heavy metals, but also carbon di-oxide, the notorious greenhouse gas widely considered to be the number one culprit of global climate change.[1] In order to protect our environment and provide energy security, energy generated from renewable sources has been extensively studied.[2] Though it will take some decades to come close to a truly sustainable energy system, the research is being conducted to find solutions to (1) increase efficiency in production, transmission, and u tilization of the remaining fossil fuels, (2) reduce negative impacts to the environment, and (3) develop or improve technologies and infrastructure for the smooth transition to the alternative/ renewable energy sources (e.g., nuclear power, solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy, biomass and biofuels, and hydropower).[3] Among those, solar energy has many advantages such as availability and lower cost. The search and synthesis for low cost solar cell materials made of earth abundant elements has been a topic of extensive study across the globe. A brief historical background: In 1839,the photovoltaic effect was discovered by French physicist, Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel. He constructed the worlds first photovoltaic cell in his fathers laboratory at age nineteen, which was the beginning of solar energy materials technology. This experiment was done by illuminating two electrodes, which were coated by light sensitive semiconducting materials, with different types of light. He observed that electricity increases with the increase of light intensity. Then an English electrical engineer, Willoughby Smith, was discovered the photo conductivity of selenium in 1873. In 1883,Charles Fritts built the first true solar cells made from selenium wafer which is coated with a thin layer of gold. He found that the efficiency was only about 1%. In 1905, Albert Einstein published in a paper that light consists of â€Å"packets† or quanta of energy, which can be varied only with its frequency.[4] This theory was very simple, but revolutionary that explained the data of photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect was experimentally proved by an American experimental physicist, Robert Andrews Millikan, who later won the Nobel Prize for the photoelectric effect and measurement of the charge of the electron. In 1954, a single-crystal cell of germanium and a cadmium sulphide p-n junction was developed with an efficiency of 6%. Later the University of Delaware found that the efficiency exceeds 10% with the first thin film solar cell which was made of copper sulfide and cadmium sulfide in 1980. In 2007,they achieved 42.8% efficiency in solar cell technology.[5] To date, the highest 44.8% efficiencies have been achieved by using multiple junction solar cells. Solar cell: Solar cell is electrical device which converts solar radiation into electricity by photoelectric effect. It consists of two types of semiconducting materials, one is n-type and another is p-type. When these two types of materials placed with each other, it forms depletion layer at middle of these two materials. When sun light falls on the depletion layer the materials absorb photon and the electron from filled valence band excites to the unfilled conduction band, which creates a hole and electron pair. The hole goes to the p-type conductor and the electron goes to the n-type conductor. If we complete the circuit by connecting these two materials we will see there is flow of electricity. [6] Fig 1: A schematic diagram of solar cell Some important Solar cell and solar energy materials Solar cells are typically consists of semiconducting materials and these cells are named after thesemiconducting materialsthey are made of. Thesematerialsmust have certain characteristics in order to absorbsunlight. Some solar cells are designed to absorb sunlight that reaches the Earths surface, while others are constructed foruse in space. Solar cells can be made of only one layer of light absorbing semiconducting material which is called single-junction. Sometimes cells can be made of multiple layers of semiconducting materials to take advantage of wide range of absorption and charge separation mechanisms which is called multi-junction. Solar cells can be classified into three categories according to generation: The first generation cells also called traditional, conventional orwafer based cells that are made ofcrystalline silicon which includes materials such asmono-crystalline and poly-silicon silicon. Second generation cells arethin film solar cells, that includeamorphous silicon,CdTeandCIGScells and are commercially significant in utility-scale photovoltaic power stations,building integrated photovoltaicsor in smallstand alone devices. The third generation of solar cells includes a number of thin-film technologies often described as emerging photovoltaics which are not yet commercially applied and are still in the research or development phase such as perovskite solar cells and quantum dots solar cells. Crystalline silicon The most prevalent bulk material for solar cells iscrystalline silicon(c-Si), also known as solar grade silicon. Bulk silicon is separated into two categories according to crystallinity and crystal size. Mono-crystalline silicon Polycrystalline silicon In 1981, the first solar panels based on polycrystalline silicon, which also is known as polysilicon (p-Si) and multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si),was introduced to the market. Unlike monocrystalline-based solar panels, polycrystalline solar panels do not require the Czochralski process. Raw silicon is melted and poured into a square mold, which is cooled and cut into perfectly square wafers. Polysilicon cells are the most common type used in photovoltaics and are less expensive, yet less efficient than those made from monocrystalline silicon. Thin film Thin film technologies reduce the amount of active material in a cell. Most designs sandwich active material between two panes of glass. Since silicon solar panels only use one pane of glass, thin film panels are approximately twice as heavy as crystalline silicon panels, although they have a smaller ecological impact.[8]The majority of film panels have 2-3 percentage points lower conversion efficiencies than crystalline silicon. Cadmium telluride(CdTe),copper indium gallium selenide(CIGS) andamorphous silicon(a-Si) are three thin-film technologies often used for outdoor applications. CIGS technology laboratory demonstrations reached 20.4% as of December 2013. The lab efficiency of GaAs thin film technology topped 28%. Thequantum efficiencyof thin film solar cells is also lower due to reduced number of collected charge carriers per incident photon. Most recently, CZTS solar cell emerge as the less-toxic thin film solar cell technology, which achieved ~12% efficiency. Cadmium telluride Cadmium telluride is the only thin film material so far to rival crystalline silicon in cost/watt. However cadmium is a highly toxic andtelluriumsupplies are limited. Thecadmiumpresent in the cells would be toxic if released. However, release is impossible during normal operation of the cells and is unlikely during fires in residential roofs.[9]A square meter of CdTe contains approximately the same amount of Cd as a single C cellnickel-cadmium battery, in a more stable and less soluble form.[9] Copper indium gallium selenide Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) is adirect band gapmaterial. It has the highest efficiency (~20%) among all commercially significant thin film materials. Traditional methods of fabrication involve vacuum processes including co-evaporation and sputtering. Recent developments atIBMandNanosolar attempt to lower the cost by using non-vacuum solution processes. Gallium arsenide thin film The semiconductor materialGallium arsenide(GaAs) is also used for single-crystalline thin film solar cells. Although GaAs cells are very expensive, they hold the worlds record in efficiency for asingle-junctionsolar cell at 28.8%.[10]GaAs is more commonly used inmultijunction photovoltaic cellsforconcentrated photovoltaics and forsolar panels on spacecrafts, as the industry favours efficiency over cost forspace-based solar power. Perovskite solar cells The name perovskite solar cell is derived from the ABX3crystal structureof the absorber materials, which is referred to as perovskite structure. The most commonly studied perovskite absorber is methylammonium lead trihalide (CH3NH3PbX3, where X is ahalogenion such asI−,Br−,Cl−). Formamidinumlead trihalide (H2NCH3NH3PbX3) is a recently studied newer material which shows promise, with a bandgap between 2.23eV and 1.48eV. This minimum bandgap is closer to the optimal for asingle-junction cellthan methylammonium lead trihalide, so it should be capable of higher efficiencies. The efficiencies of perovskite solar cell have increased to 12.8% in 2014.[11] This increased efficiency is making them a very rapidly advancing technology and a hot topic in the solar cell field. Perovskite solar cells are also forecast to be extremely cheap to scale up, making them a very attractive option for commercialization. Quantum dots semiconductor solar cell: Quantum dots are tiny particles or nanocrystals of a semiconducting material with diameters in the range of 2-10 nanometers. Due to high surface to volume ratios for these particles, quantum dots display unique electronic properties, intermediate between those of bulk semiconductors and discrete molecules. Due to their small size, the electrons in quantum dots are confined in a small space which is called quantum box. When the radii of the semiconductor nanocrystal is smaller than the exciton Bohr radius (exciton Bohr radius is the average distance between the electron in the conduction band and the hole it leaves behind in the valence band), there is quantization of the energy levels according to Pauli’s exclusion principle (Figure 1).[12][13]The discrete, quantized energy levels of quantum dots relate them more closely to atoms than bulk materials. Generally, as the size of the crystal decreases, the difference in energy between the highest valence band and the lowest conduc tion band increases. More energy or more energy light is then needed to excite an electron from valance band to conduction band. Therefore, the properties of semiconducting materials can be tuned by changing the size of the quantum dots. By using different sized quantum dots in multi-layer junction we can absorb wide range of light. Figure 4: Splitting of energy levels in quantum dots due to the quantum confinement effect, semiconductor band gap increases with decrease in size of the nanocrystal.[12][13] Conclusion The primary energy sources: coal, oil and natural gas are fossil fuels are polluting our environment. Furthermore, these resources are quickly depleting and becoming extremely expensive day by day. Therefore, weneedtoconsiderrenewableenergysources such as solar energy, by using solar cells we cangenerate electricalpower by converting solar energy intoelectricity. Reference: Wang, Zhong Lin.Nanotechnology for the energy challenge. Ed. Javier Garcà ­a-Martà ­nez. John Wiley Sons, 2013. Hou, Yu, Ruxandra Vidu, and Pieter Stroeve. Solar energy storage methods.Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research50.15 (2011): 8954-8964. Moniz, E. J.; Garcia-Martinez, J. Nanotechnology for the Energy Challenge; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2010 Einstein, Albert. The photoelectric effect.Ann. Phys17 (1905): 132. Delaware University, US, HP http://www.udel.edu/PR/ UDaily/2008/jul/solar072307 .html Li, Zhongrui, et al. Light-harvesting using high density p-type single wall carbon nanotube/n-type silicon heterojunctions.Acs Nano3.6 (2009): 1407-1414. Green, M. A. Recent developments in photovoltaics.Solar energy76.1 (2004): 3-8. Pearce, Joshua, and Andrew Lau. Net energy analysis for sustainable energy production from silicon based solar cells.ASME Solar 2002: International Solar Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2002. Fthenakis, Vasilis M. Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews8.4 (2004): 303-334. Yablonovitch, E., O. D. Miller, and S. R. Kurtz. The opto-electronic physics that broke the efficiency limit in solar cells.Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), 2012 38th IEEE. IEEE, 2012. Qin, Peng, et al. Perovskite Solar Cells with 12.8% Efficiency by Using Conjugated Quinolizino Acridine Based Hole Transporting Material.Journal of the American Chemical Society(2014). Reimann, S. M.; Manninen, M. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2002, 74(4), 1283. Bawendi, M. C.; Steigerwald, M. L.; Brus, L. E. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 1990, 41, 477.

Effects of Orphanhood on Child Development

Effects of Orphanhood on Child Development 3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE â€Å"A solid family environment is essential in paving the way for the realization of future dreams and aspirations of children.† —Nelson Mandela â€Å"The suffering of children is not in itself what is revolting, but the fact that it is undeserved†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ if we cannot make a world in which children no longer suffer, at least we can try to reduce the number of suffering children† Albert Camus: â€Å"L’ Homme Revolte†. Children must be protected not because they are innocent but because they are powerless Mason Cooley A research literature review is a written summary of the state of existing knowledge on a research problem. The task of reviewing research literature involves identification, selection, critical analysis, and written description of existing information on a topic. 11 The various attributes of orphans, orphaning and orphanages are considered in separate sections 1. DEFINITIONS OF ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN The word orphan is derived from the Latin word orbus meaning bereft or to suffer the loss. Today, it applies to a child whos either or both of the parents are dead.12 According to UNICEF the definition of an orphan is anyone between the ages of 0 and 17 years who has lost at least one parent or both the parents.13 Vulnerable children are those who belong to high-risk groups who lack access to basic social amenities or facilities. â€Å"Vulnerable† is analogous to the word â€Å"affected†. They include street children, orphans, child prisoners, child laborers, the children of sex workers and, confusingly, children who are orphaned by AIDS or have an HIV-positive parent14. Historically such orphans have been reared by close relatives or in institutions meant for other deprived children like them. Indias commitment to the cause of children is an old as its civilization. The child is believed to be a gift of the Gods, which must be nurtured with care and affection, within the family and the society Unfortunately, due to socio-economic and political factors, the incidence of neglect, abuse and deprivation, particularly in the poverty afflicted sections of the society, has gradually increased . The category of socially handicapped children includes within it those children who are destitute, abandoned, deprived, neglected, victimized, vagrant, and even delinquent children observes.15 Khandekar feels that the term deprived children implies deprivation of many aspects, such as economic, social, familial, emotional and moral.16 Bose opines that the category of children in need of care and protection s a wider scope which includes children whose parents are extremely poor, children of working women with low income, exploited, runaway children, child beggars, vagrants, delinquents, etc.17Thus we see a little agreement on the specifics of who can be include into the category of orphan children. Bose vehemently advocates that the juvenile delinquents too be included the class of orphan children. They have even been called neglected juveniles and described as one who is a destitute, who is left alone, abandoned, forsaken, in utter want, without resources, deprived, in a state of extreme poverty, being without food, shelter etc. The working group appointed by the Department of Social Welfare, Ministry of Human Resources Development, Government of India in 1969 listed the following circumstances to define orphans, although there are other terms such as socially handicapped used interchangeably: a) a child, whose parents are not able to look after with proper care and control. b) a child, without any living parents, who is not being looked after by any other near relatives on whom there is a moral or social obligation to look after. c) a child who has no home or settled place of abode, without any ostensible means of subsistence. d) a child whose surviving parent is a lunatic. e) a child deserving special protection, from parents who indulge him / her in prostitution, drunkenness or anti-social behavior. f) a child whose parents have forced him into beggary, acrobatics or performing tricks for the purpose of earning or any other kind of child labor. g) a child who is uncontrollable.18 Further the Planning Commission of India in the 10th Five year plan has brought all these children under a common category called as — children in difficult circumstances and included under this category are street children, abandoned children, orphaned children, child laborers, children who have been physically or sexually abused, children in conflict with law, children with HIV/AIDS, children of terminally ill parents, children of parents serving prison terms, children victims of natural disasters, terrorist attacks, immigration etc, for the purpose of devising need based policies and welfare programmers.19 2. BURDEN OF ORPHANHOOD IN INDIA The estimated number of orphans who need care and protection in India would give a better perspective of the magnitude of the problem on our hands .Though the exact quantum of dependent children is not known, approximations are available. In India 31 million children have become orphans due to all causes as by 2009.2 Every 2.2 seconds a child loses a parent somewhere in the world. By 2015, It is projected that there will be 400 million orphaned children worldwide.20 Moreover, it would be difficult to estimate the number of children who are abandoned, neglected, deprived of parental or family care due to innumerable other reasons such as family feud, parental desertion, illegitimate pregnancy, natural disasters. 3. CAUSES OF ORPHANING 3.1 BROKEN HOMES, PARENTAL DISHARMONY , PARENTAL LOSS / DEPRIVATION BROKEN HOMES, PARENTAL DISHARMONY A large proportion of delinquent and neglected children come from broken homes. Desertion, divorce, illegitimacy, cruelty, drunkenness and drug abuse by the parents are some of the common denominators among the neglected children.21 Broken Home is one which is rendered incomplete by the absence of one or both parents Parental separation or divorce often have an altogether different aspect where in the child is presented with a conflict of loyalties which is sometimes played upon usually by the contesting parents introduces new problem of adjusting to step parents and their attitudes.22 There is also a type of home which is thoroughly noxious without being broken. The members of the family go on living together, a life punctuated by quarrels, hatred, brutality, alcoholism, irresponsibility etc and emotional turmoil resulting from domestic discord, parental neglect or rejection may drive the child to retaliatory aggression.23 Ganga et al in their study of 225 inmates of an orphanage in Thanjavur documented that in 43.5% of the children, father had more than one wife, and father had left home in 14.6% while mother had left in 12.9%.24 Manjushree and Srinivasan noticed that of the 73 neglected children, in 8 children frequent quarrels between father and mother was observed.25 Thilagaraj in his study of neglected children documented that 37.5% of the parents were unhappily adjusted, parental separation/ desertion was seen in 12.6%. In 10% each, either both the parents had died or one parent had died and there was remarriage or there was no remarriage.26 Singh and co-workers while studying parental image in delinquents observed that in all cases of their study sample, parents had cordial and harmonious relationship.27 PARENTAL LOSS / DEPRIVATION The presence of a human figure is essential to develop social responsiveness. Because, if the child is constantly exposed to inanimate means of stimulation, the feelings of attachments to inanimate objects might generalize to human figure.28 The effects of long-term or permanent separation form one or both parents are complex. When the separation occurs as early as three months after birth, the infants emotional upset seems to be primarily a reaction to the environmental change and strangeness, and he /she usually adapts readily to a surrogate mother-figure. But once attachment behavior has developed, the emotional hurt of separation may be deeper and more sustained. The child may go through a period of bereavement and have greater difficulty in adjusting to the change. It would appear that the age at which the infant is most vulnerable to long term separation or loss is from 7 months to 5 years. The long term consequences of such a loss appear to depend not only on the time of its occurrence, but also on factors such as the child in question, his previous relationship with parent and the quality of subsequent parental care.29 MATERNAL DEPRIVATION : In a pioneering study, Bowlby (1960) summarized the effects of maternal separation on children from 2 to 5 years of age who were hospitalized for prolonged periods. He cited three stages of their separation reaction: 1) Initial protest characterized by increased crying, screaming and general activity 2) Despair which included dejection, stupor, decreased activity and general withdrawal from the environment, and 3) Detachment following the childrens discharge from the hospital and re ¬union with their mothers in whom the children appeared indifferent and sometimes even hostile towards their parents.30 According to Howells separation and deprivation are not synonymous terms. He states that separation of the child and parent, means that the child is physically parted from its parents and has an existence independent of them. On the other hand, deprivation is a term which indicates that a loss is suffered, and when applied to the child, it is used in the following two senses: 1) Occasionally it is used to denote that the child suffers the loss of its parents, or permanent parent substitute. This usually coincides with physical separation of parent and child (to prevent confusion with the term separation the usage deprivation should be avoided). 2) Frequently it is used to denote that the child is deprived of the necessary care for its emotional growth and so suffers the loss of parenting Separation, then involves the physical absence of the parent, but not necessarily of parenting. Deprivation involves the loss of parenting but not necessarily of parents. Thereby, he has drawn a distinction between parents as an entity from parenting, that is, the emotional care given by them to the children.31 Bowlby comments that in the young childs eyes father plays second fiddle, but is of an indirect value as an economic and emotional support to the mother.30 True enough, this is the impression carried over by the social, psychological and psychiatric literature. The facts however may be different. The father may share parenting, often equally, sometimes pre-dominantly and sometimes subordinately. Few facts are available. Nevertheless, the available literature indicates that the father has an important role to play in maintaining the stability of the family group and in supporting the role of the mother. He has also a significant influence on the psychological development of boys and girls. The fathers masculine model (aggressiveness, leadership and objectivity) is necessary for the boy if he is to emancipate himself from the feminine model prevailing at home and develop the qualities of maleness that will make him acceptable to his peers.32 The various causes for parental loss described in the various studies, parental deaths due to a number of causes, outnumber all other causes. Fosteer G and colleagues in their study observed that 12.8% of children under 15 years old had a father or mother who had died; 5% of orphans had lost both parents.33 Bhagath and Fraser in their study on neglected children found that paternal death was discovered in 40% whereas maternal loss was seen in 15%.34 Presley et at reported parental loss in 49. 2% of 140 neglected children, with 21% maternal loss and 25% had lost both the parents.35 Approximately 23% entering the foster care in the United States of America have lost one or both the parents in a survey carried out by Simms M D et al.36

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Association with in Uterine Exposure and Asthma :: Medical, Health, Medicine

Scientists have studied the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in regards to many health defects in humans, one of them being asthma. Asthma is a chronic condition regarding the respiratory system. Muscles in the respiratory system, specifically the lungs and the trachea, tighten causing a narrowing of the passageways in which air flows through. The constrictions of the respiratory organs can cause many symptoms that include strained breathing and tension of the chest (Friis, 2012). In the United States alone, asthma is considered to be the most common long-term disease that affects particularly and most frequently children (Al-Daghri et al. 2013). According to Kyung Jung, asthma in children has multiplied since 1980, when it was a low 3.6 percent to a now high 9.6 percent (Jung et al. 2013). The causative agents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are precarious material created from the partial burning of petroleum-based chemicals that have been known to be one of the collaborators for asthma (Friis 2012). Additionally, PAHs can be made by the incomplete burning of organic compounds, such as wood, coal, and especially tobacco (Al-Daghri et al. 2013). There have been studies conducted to demonstrate the affects and higher prevalence of asthma in children who are exposed to PAHs in an in utero state. Children exposed in the womb, along with asthma and the known causative agent, PAHs, will be the principle course of study. Four studies have been conducted to analyze the serious effects of PAHs. The research consists of work performed by Sophie Chu, Nasser Al-Daghri, Dr. Mathew Perzanowski, and Wan-yee Tang and each of their colleagues; all of which directed their own studies and research in regards to pollution exposed to children and asthma. For instance, Nasser Al-Daghri directed research on children in Saudi Arabia and found that nearly 3 million children experience the hardships of asthma (2013). For this reason and many others, PAHs and its ef fects in growing fetuses have been investigated worldwide. There is evidence from the findings of the previously mentioned researchers that in uterine exposure to PAHs are associated with childhood asthma. Sophie Chu and her colleagues postulated that exposures to PAH before birth and after birth would cause an intensification of airway hyperreactivity, thus showing signs of asthma. Chu collected mice for her research and acquired a mixture containing the same quantity of PAHs a pregnant woman would regularly consume. She also acquired a vaporized control solution made of almost entirely of decontaminated water (99.

J.D. Salingers Catcher In The Rye :: J.D. Salinger Catcher Rye Essays

J.D. Salinger's Catcher In The Rye The passage of adolescence has served as the central theme for many novels, but J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, long a staple in academic lesson plans, has captured the spirit of this stage of life in hyper-sensitive form, dramatizing Holden Caulfield's vulgar language and melodramatic reactions. Written as the autobiographical account of a fictional teenage prep school student Holden Caulfield, The Catcher in the Rye deals with material that is socially scandalous for the times (Gwynn, 1958). As an emotional, intelligent, inquisitive, and painfully sensitive young man, Holden puts his inner world to the test through the sexual mores of his peers and elders, the teachings of his education, and his own emerging sense of self. Throughout the years, the language of the story has startled some readers. Salinger's control of Holden's easy, conversational manner makes the introduction of these larger themes appear natural and believable. (Bloom, 1990). At the time of the novel through today, Holden's speech rings true to the colloquial speech of teenagers. Holden, according to many reviews in the Chicago Tribune, the New Yorker, and the New York Times, accurately captures the informal speech of an average intelligent, educated, northeastern American adolescent (Costello, 1990). Such speech includes both simple description and cursing. For example, Holden says, "They're nice and all", as well as "I'm not going to tell you my whole goddam autobiography or anything." In the first instance, he uses the term "nice" which oversimplifies his parents' character, implying he does not wish to disrespect them, yet at the same time he does not praise them. At best he deems them as "nice and all." Holden further cuts short his description, but in a more curt manner, when he states he will not tell his "whole goddam autobiography or anything." From the start the reader picks up Holden's hostility and unwillingness to share his views strictly by his use of language (Salzman, 1991). From the last two examples, another colloquialism can be seen. Holden has a habit of ending his descriptions with tag phrases such as "and all" or "or anything." (Salzman, 1991). Not only does Holden speak like this in the beginning of the novel, but throughout the book, making this pattern a part of his character. One could imagine Holden frequently ending his sentences with "and all," realizing it is a character trait since not all teenagers used that phrase. So the "and all" tag to Holden's speech served to make his speech

The Effect of Alcoholism on the Family

Alcoholism has been a problem America has faced for thousands of years. There are alcoholics in every generation and they can be of any age, social or ethnic group, and socio-economic status. Numerous studies unexpectedly show that alcoholism typically affects highly educated and highly motivated individuals (Silverstein, 1990 cited in Parsons, 2003).Presently, in a national survey conducted in 2001 by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse), nearly half of Americans (48.  3 percent or roughly 109 million) at least 12 years of age reported that they were current alcohol drinkers, while 5. 7 percent or 12. 9 million reported that they engage in heavy drinking.Most of the heavy drinkers were young adults aged 18 to 25 years old (13. 6 percent of the population within this age range), and heavy alcohol use rates decreased with increasing age as only 5. 4 percent of the middle-aged population admitted that they engage in heavy dr inking. These heavy drinkers have caused many problems not only for themselves but for the family as well.Hence, alcoholism has been recognized as a family disease. An alcoholic in the family can have lasting detrimental effects to the family. In another survey conducted by the U. S Department of Health and Human Services together with Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), â€Å"76 million American adults have been exposed to alcoholism in the family. † Hence, it’s not surprising that family problems have been attributed mostly to alcoholism than to any other single cause (Parsons, 2003). McAneny (1997 cited in Walters, 2002) adds that in every three families, one family has alcohol-related problems.The significant effect of the presence of alcoholic in the family has caught the attention of many scholars and institutions. They contributed greatly in identifying the specific effects of alcoholism on the individual and on the family. This pap er aims to describe the biological and behavioral effects of alcoholism on the family of alcoholics. Specifically, it aims to discuss the following: (1) The parental behavior of alcoholics (2) Spousal and child violence of alcoholics (3) The biological effects on the child of alcoholics (COAs)(4) The psychological effects of alcoholism on the family members Considering the findings of numerous studies, the author states that alcoholism has biological effects on children of alcoholics, contributes to spousal and child violence, and has a psychological effect on the family members. Behavioral Problems of Alcoholics Parental Behavior of Alcoholics Alcoholic parents cannot provide their children the necessary proper bonding characterized by consistent love and nurturing. The alcoholic parent is mostly absent. When he or she is present, he or she exhibits very inconsistent behavior.For instance, he or she may be harsh and abusive at one time, then remorseful and kind later (McGaha, 1995) . This observation is further supported by a study conducted by Lang (1999) involving alcoholic parents and their deviant children. Results of his experiment establish the causal effect of alcohol on parenting behavior. Intoxicated parents were less likely to keep their attention focused on their child and respond appropriately. They were also inclined to fail to attend or misperceive their children’s problem behaviors, placing the parents in a poor position to correct the problem behavior.Decrease in consistency of parenting behavior was also found to be a consequence of drinking. Due to changes in parental perception induced by alcohol intoxication, Lang also concluded that these changes could cause the disciplinary patterns of the parents to vary as a result of alcohol intoxication. Being intoxicated also caused the interaction style of parents to be disorganized and inconsistent. They engaged in irrelevant talk and failed to maintain task-oriented work behaviors as they w ere less congenial, i. e., laughed and played less, and inconsistent, i. e. , worked less, talked more. Based on these results, Lang concluded that alcohol intoxication lessens parental effectiveness. Alcoholic Violence on Spouses Kantor and Straus (1990) conducted a review of 15 empirical studies and discovered a range from 6 to 85% alcohol involvement in spouse abuse. One of the studies they reviewed is Labell’s (1979) study the findings of which showed that nearly three-fourths or 72 percent of 512 physically abused women reported that their husbands have alcohol problems.In an analysis of the survey data that they gathered, results revealed that a direct linear relationship exists between the wife battering rates and typical drinking patterns. The rate of drinking of binge and heavy drinkers was nearly one half or 48 percent at the time of physical abuse incident (cited in Hutchison, 1999). Alcoholism and Child Abuse Research estimates reveal that more than 1 million chil dren in the US are involved in some form of abuse or neglect every year (Widom, 1993 cited in Widom, 2001).Child abuse has been associated with alcohol use and abuse which has been considered either as a consequence or a causative factor. For instance, alcohol abuse of parents may contribute to an abusive treatment towards their child (Widom, 2001). Some studies support this conclusion, one of which is the study of Ammerman and his associates (1999) which revealed a relationship between parents with history of alcohol and other drug abuse (AOD) and a higher potential to abusive treatment of children in comparison to parents without history of AOD (cited in Widom, 2001).Another study that supports the link of alcoholism and child abuse state that mothers who have histories of alcohol problems are â€Å"more likely to use harsh punishment on their children compared with women without such histories† (Miller et al. , 1997 cited in Widom, 2001). Biological Effects on the Child of Alcoholics Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders When mothers consume alcohol during their pregnancy, it causes the child in their womb to have birth defects, clinically known as a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).The most clinically recognized form of FASD is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), which is usually characterized by the following: (1) a pattern of minor facial irregularity; (2) prenatal and postnatal growth defects; and (3) abnormalities in the functional or structural central nervous system (CNS). These birth defects cause neurocognitive impairment resulting in behavioral disturbances and learning difficulties. Another clinically recognizable form of FASD is alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder which is similar to FAS but the defects in the facial feature are absent (Wattendorf, 2005).A study conducted by Sampson et al. (1997) and Stratton et al. (1996) reported that 1 percent of the US population may be affected by FASD (cited in Wattendorf, 2005). Mothers who cons ume high levels of alcohol during pregnancy are likely to give birth to children who have FASD. In fact, animal studies show that during pregnancy, a single episode of alcohol consumption (two alcoholic beverages where one drink is equal to 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1. 5 ounces of â€Å"hard† liquor), may bring about the loss of fetal brain cells (Olney, 2004 cited in Wattendorf, 2005).However, even when the deleterious effects of alcohol on the baby has become a widespread knowledge, a study conducted by the National Task Force on Fetal alcohol Syndrome and Fetal alcohol Effect participated by 18 to 24 years old women showed that 10 percent of the mothers consumed alcohol while pregnant, of which 2 percent participated in binge drinking, i. e. , consuming five or more drinks on one occasion (Wattendorf, 2005). As alcohol consumption directly results in neuronal damage and fetal brain cell due to the toxin from alcohol, FASD is considered nonhereditary.No prenat al period has been exempted from the harmful effects of alcohol. Alcohol exposure in any period of pregnancy may result in CNS damage, even before doing a pregnancy test. Thus, women should not drink any beverage with alcohol content from the time of conception to birth (Wattendorf, 2005) Genetic Factors of Alcoholism Early family studies revealed that people with a family history of alcohol misuse have three to four times higher chance of personally misusing alcohol than those who have no family history of alcohol misuse (Cotton, 1979, cited in Walters, 2002).Further studies on parent-to-offspring transmission of alcoholism were conducted by observing male children of alcoholics who were adopted-away or placed in adoptive homes since birth (Goodwim et al. 1973; Schuckit et al. 1972a, b; all cited in Wilson, 1991). Findings of the study conducted by Goodwin and associates (1973) showed that 33 percent of adopted-away sons of alcoholic fathers became alcoholics as well, as opposed to 7 percent incidence of alcoholism on adopted-away sons of nonalcoholic fathers, representing a 26 percent increase in incidence of alcoholism (Winston, 1991).While these results may be significant in determining the probability of future alcoholism for the sons of alcoholics, discerning exactly who among them will turn out to be alcoholic is difficult to answer. After all, more than half of the sons of alcoholics studied (two-thirds) did not become alcoholics (Goodwin et al. , 1973 cited in Winston, 1991).Thus, providing intervention or prevention strategies for the sons of alcoholics would be a waste of effort two-thirds of the time, and would overlook a more important matter: rehabilitating alcoholic sons of nonalcoholics (Winston, 1991). Psychological Effects of Alcoholism on the Family Psychological Effects on Children of Alcoholics (COAs) It has been widely considered that parents with alcohol problems place their children at a high risk of having several developmental and beh avioral problems, including the development of substance abuse problems of their own (Conners, 2004).Numerous studies show that COAs are at an elevated risk of developing externalizing and behavior problems including conduct disorder, oppositional disorder, delinquency, and attention deficit disorders (Earls, Reich, Jung, & Cloninger, 1988; Kuperman, Schlosser, Lidral, & Reich, 1999; Merikangas & Avenevoli, 2000; Reich, Earls, Frankel, & Shayka, 1993, Sher, 1991; all cited in Ohennessian, 2004). Other studies focused on internalizing problems that develop in COAs such as depression and anxiety (Bennett, Wolin, & Reiss, 1988; Chassin, Pitts, DeLucia, & Todd, 1999; Reich et al., 1993; all cited in Ohannessian, 2004). There is also a higher possibility that COAs would experience substance abuse problems as to non-COAs (Chassin et al. , 1999; Goodwin, 1988; Russell, Cooper, & Frone, 1990; all cited in Ohannessian, 2004). In addition, these children also have negative psychological sympt oms such as low self-esteem, loneliness, guilt, feelings of helplessness, fears of abandonment, and chronic depression (Berger, 1993 cited in Parsons, 2003). They also often experience high levels of tension and stress resulting in frequent nightmares, bed wetting, and crying.They may also feel that they are to blame for the problems of the alcoholic, thinking that they are the cause of the problem. Adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) may exhibit depressive symptoms such as obsessive perfectionism, hoarding, or being excessively self-conscious (Parsons, 2003). The school performance of COAs may also be affected as stressful home environment prevents them from studying. In school, they may also develop the inability to express themselves and the difficulty in relating with their teachers and classmates.A survey conducted by the US government show that there are 30 percent of women who were not able to finish high school are daughters of alcoholics while only 20 percent of sons of al coholics went to college. ACOAs also experience problems of depression, aggression, or impulsive behavior. As parents, they often tend to become failures and make poor career choices due to elevated feelings of worthlessness and failure (Berger, 1993 cited in Parsons, 2003). Although a portion of COAs develop psychological problems later in life, many of them do not manifest high levels of emotional and behavioral problems and become alcoholics themselves.The cause of variability may be attributed to individual differences and factors other than parental alcoholism that independently contribute to child outcomes (Loukas et al. , 2001). Psychological Effects on Spouses of Alcoholics Spouses of Alcoholics may develop negative emotions such as hatred, self-pity, and avoidance of social contacts. They may also suffer from exhaustion and from physical or mental illness as the spouse fulfills the responsibilities of two parents (Berger, 1993 cited in Parsons, 2003).The nonalcoholic spouse s’ focus on the alcoholic spouse may cause them to neglect their children (McGaha, 1995; Berger, 1993 cited in Parsons, 2003). The marital conflict caused by alcoholism often leads to divorce (Parsons, 2003; McGaha, 1995). Family Problems of in an Alcoholic Family System The home environment of an alcoholic family system is characterized by bewildering emotional conflicts such as inconsistent and antagonistic behavior (Morehouse, 1994 cited in McGaha, 1995). As alcoholism is considered as one of the major instigators of divorce, alcoholic families are often broken.However, studies also show that spouse and children of alcoholics contribute to the drinker’s irresponsible habit and make it worse by tolerating it to keep the family together (Parsons, 2003). Denial of the problem instigates multiple emotional problems in the family members. The family members also often become codependent i. e. , unconsciously addicted to the abnormal behavior of another (Wekesser, 1994 ci ted in Parsons, 2003). The codependent family members of alcoholics try to do everything they can to hide the problem, causing the spouse and children to â€Å"avoid making friends and bringing other people home† (Parsons, 2003).The codependent family members often let go of their own needs or desires to attempt to control or cure the drinker (Parsons, 2003). Summary and Conclusion The studies cited in this paper suggest that alcoholism contributes to numerous problems in the family. Alcoholic parents tend to become ineffective as parents due to parental inconsistencies such as inconsistency in discipline caused by misperception of a child’s behavior problem. Alcoholics were also found to inflict physical abuse on family members their spouse and children especially when they have consumed high levels of alcohol.Alcoholism has also biological effects on the child of alcoholics (COAs). Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) occurs when mothers consume alcohol during pregnancy. FAS is characterized by physical deformities and cognitive impairment, resulting in learning disabilities. The role of genes in alcoholism was also considered, as findings of a study conducted on adopted-away sons of alcoholics reveal that 30 percent of the participants turned out to be alcoholics like their parents. Finally, alcoholism has a psychological impact on the family.Family members of alcoholics experience a bewildering mixture of emotional conflict at home and become codependent on the alcoholic’s behavior. Children of Alcoholics (COAs) and spouses of alcoholics have a higher risk of having behavior, development, and social problems. References Conners, N. A. (2004). Children of mothers with serious substance abuse problems: an accumulation of risks. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 30(1), 85-100. Hutchison, I. W. (1999). Alcohol, fear, and woman abuse. Sex Roles, 40, 893-920. Lang, A. R. (1999).Effects of alcohol intoxication on parenting behavior in inter actions with child confederates exhibiting normal or deviant behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27(3), 177-189. Loukas, A. et al. (2001). Parental alcoholism and co-occurring antisocial behavior: prospective relationships to externalizing behavior problems in their young sons. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(2), 91-106. McGaha, J. E. (1995). Family violence, abuse, and related family issues of incarcerated delinquents with alcoholic parents compared to those with nonalcoholic parents.Adolescence, 30(118), 473-482. Ohannessian, C. M. (2004). The relationship between parental alcoholism and adolescent psychopathology: a systematic examination of parental comorbid psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(5), 519-533 Parsons, T. (December 14, 2003). Alcoholism and its effect on the family. AllPsych Journal. Retrieved November 7, 2007 from http://allpsych. com/journal/alcoholism. html Samhsa. gov (2002). Statistics. Alcohol and Drug Information. Re trieved November 7, 2007 from http://ncadistore. samhsa.gov/catalog/facts. aspx? topic=3 Walters, G. D. (2002). The heritability of alcohol abuse and dependence: a meta-analysis of behavior genetic research. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 28(3), 557- 584. Widom, C. S. (2001). Alcohol abuse as a risk factor for and consequence of child abuse. Alcohol Research and Health. 25(1), 52-57. Wilson, J. R. (1991). Genetics of alcoholism. Alcohol Health and Research World, Winter, 1991. Retrieved November 7, 2007 from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0847/is_n1_v15/ai_12148263/print