Juicy Couture Advertising Analysis Essay Example for Free

Juicy Couture Advertising Analysis EssayTypical high personal spellner advertizements consist of a sightly fe masculine cast, wearing the most pricy clothing, looking classy and elegant. Somewhere there is usually a toned gorgeous man looking at her in awe, also wearing fantastically fashion subject clothing. These ads, however effective on the minds of the masses, are not the same approach the infamous Juicy Couture brand takes. Bought by all types of women, from mothers to teenage girls, everyone lacks to be part of the Juicy phenomenon. Juicy Coutures image isnt the stereotypical wealthy, high fashion kind of depiction. They show a more mainstream glamour and terrific wealth. Their bedazzled track suits and terrier crowned logo shows their abnormal high end fashion. However, the brand is still very fabulous and expensive being Made in exciting USA (JuicyDeals). The advertisements of Juicy Couture try to show this same kind of image. The usual Juicy advertisements are displays of a picturesque suspended girl universe, by reflecting a modern, girlish, avant-garde display with a whimsical kind of spirit (Brown et al). Interesting and bizarre, they never fail to catch the eyes of women and girls of every age and race.Juicy couture has a different and outrageous kind of style that never fails to tap into the needs and desires of girls all over. According to their ads, with Juicy couture women washbasin be prominent, can dominate, and can unimpeachably regain anything they want. In 2009, Juicy ran an ad campaign titled Do the Donts. Each ad depicted models breaking the rules, being rebellious, and going against what is expected by society. One of the ads shows a women dressed in business-like attire, pale skin, and hair done up in a boy-like style. She is leaning against a man dressed in complete contrast to her.Hes tan and dressed in a more feminine fashion with long shaggy hair, a tulle skirt, and carrying a purse. He stands causally like a fema le with his hip cocked out to the side. In the minimize you see a pink mansion like house, with beautiful plants and magnificent windows. Above them it says Do the Donts. Below that in light blue, the phrase You can always get what you want is written in messy-like handwriting. The items being publicise is everything from clothes, purses, jewelry, and perfumes. The purse and the fur coat, the socks, and the shadowy dress are all Juicy Couture.Below their feet is the unmistakable Juicy Couture logo. In big, bold, fancy lettering, outlined in white. The boilersuit name for the campaign is a striking small simple phrase that catches the eyes and can hook audiences in. On the ad its in black block lettering, at the top of the picture in a small type of font. To say do what is unexpected of you is something Juicy already does however, for this campaign, they are locution if girls want to be a part of this fun, superficial, girly, unrealistic world, you have to be different. When the line first came out it was different kind of high fashion that no one had seen before.They then incorporated that into their whole theme of their ads by showing a more unrealistic view of the wealthy with a forward-thinking view of fashion The house is a girly fantasy, being that it is pink, only it also shows how the pair are probably rich, and the rest of the house is just as wonderfully exotic as the two in front of them. Its like they are a part of this beautiful world that only a few are able to see and to be like those in the picture it is necessary to be just as unrealistic as them. You can always get what you want is the main concept of the advertisement.In a bright blue color and it look as if it was hastily written on top with a keystone brush, it is the first thing to notice. The phrase is big, bright, and takes up most of the page making it truly stand out. The two phrases correspond with each other. If you do the donts you can always get what you want. Or you can al ways get what you want by doing the donts. The phrase implies that with juicy couture you can get whatever you want. The models in the background give the message up to now more of a meaning with how they look. They give off the air that they truly can and do have whatever they want.It is even written like the person who wrote it, didnt care about what people think. Who wouldnt want to have everything? Jib Fowles in an article wrote about how advertize use different types of appeals in advertising. Fowles says as a need for dominance and a need for gibbousness is one of the ways that advertisers pull people in. This advertisement feeds the desire for women enjoy prestige and high social status (65). Women aspire to control and want to be admired. These appeals are shown in just the catchphrase of the advertisement, never mind the photo behind them.Although the writing may be the first thing seen behind it is an abstract photo Juicy is famous for. The female model is in control, and strongly dominates the photo. Her direct gaze toward the camera is confrontational showing she is unafraid of power, her smirk saying she already knows shes got it all. She stands in a trusty yet casual pose showing shes comfortable with her status, even though to some people it could be unsettling. Shes smart and at tranquility with her life and wouldnt change a thing. These aspects make her more of a conformist which is opposite of what a women in fashion should look like.She causally has her build on his shoulder further showing her dominance. He is like her pet, or maybe her play toy (Brown et al). She is prime example as to what Fowles says about prominence and dominance. This model obviously shows both with her strong contrast to her male counterpart emphasizes this fact even more. Dressed casually like a girl the male models chest is bare showing to the audience that hes not trying to be a girl but hes not afraid feminine side (Brown et al). They differences between o ur very strange couple also leads into the Do the Donts aspect of the campaign.A man dressing like a woman is definitely going against the grain. In most advertisements men are shown as the strong leader of the person who dominates, but here it is quite clear that he couldnt care less about being in control or anything. He is perfectly happy with his life and how he is dresses. This isnt what is expected of a man today, not in the least. The point of the ad is to sell the viewer not a bingle commodity but to convince the consumer that wearing their clothing will lead them to a new lifestyle (Fowles 62).The ads instruct them to do whatever it takes to get the glamorous life they want, doing the donts and making a mess. However, it also emphasizes the fact that Juicy Couture is Doing the donts with their actually clothing line. With outlandish fashion rules they are trying to get audiences to remember fashion doesnt have rules, and Juicy took that idea to the next level with their o wn set of rules. Women dont have to listen to the established rules about life or about what they wear. The ad plays on feminine desires to be better looking than everyone else, to be different and in control.

Lines composed upon Westminster bridge, Sept. 3 1802 and London Essay Example for Free

Lines sedate upon Westminster bridge, Sept. 3 1802 and London EssayThese two rimes show very different views of London. Lines composed upon Westminster Bridge, written by William Wordsworth, describes London in detail. He captures the beautified city and expresses the calmness of the morning. William Blake, who lived around the same time, wrote London which expresses the chaotic and corrupt side of London.Wordsworth describes the city in much detail. A sight so touching in its majesty. The Earth has not anything to show more(prenominal) fair. He expresses his true feeling about the city from where he sees it. He goes on to personify the city and describe how it doth like a garment wear The beauty of the morning silent, bare. He has captured the city in the morning when it is quiet and in a sense almost naked with no one yet bustling through the streets, there are no fume engulfed traffic jams or shouting street salesmen. There is whole the calmness of the morning.All the m an made objects and buildings, such as ships, towers, domes, theatres and temples lie string out unto the fields and to the sky. The man built objects remain where they were left not yet being used by Londoners.The atmosphere is sublime, the sun is on the dot rising and immerse everything in its light, Never did sun more beauti repletey steep Neer saw I, never felt, a calm so deep the scene is so halcyon he is feeling peace within himself.The natural body of the city, the river, is gliding in its own free way, the way it wants the river glideth at its own sweet go away Its free will is moving it naturally through the city as though it were the countryside. The river has likewise been personified to erupt more emphasis of its freedom. He is so oerwhelmed by the atmosphere and calmness of the city. Dear God The very houses seem asleep everywhere he sees is not yet awake, again he has personified an object to give it more emphasis.His final line is describing the city as a might y heart that is lying still. The capital, like the giant mechanism of a heart is just lying still.The aim from the poem is to describe the amazement he sees when looking over a massive city and seeing the calmness. He wants to express to others how pacific and calm it makes him feel and pass that feeling on to the reviewer.The first two stanzas describe what the city is like, and what he sees around him. The sestet after this shows his personal receipt to what he has already described and how he feels about the city.Blake presents a much more depressing, morbid scene of London describing the corruptness of everything in the city. He is describing the attitudes and goings on in London that are normally never spoken about, the things which people may or may not know but which go on behind closed doors. A lot of repetition is used, unlike in Wordsworths poem, to give emphasis to the points which he is trying to make. In every cry, of every Man, In every Infants cry of fear, In every voice he only lists one example in each line but gives the effect of a lot of crying and pain and fear.He speaks in a first handwriting account throughout the poem I wander, I hear, and I meet. By speaking in the present tense it makes the reader more inclined to think it is going on here and now however old the poem may be.By beginning the first line with I wander thro each chartered street It makes it easier to visualise what he is describing because it is a first hand account. The chartered streets are each set out neatly and ordered, the chartered Thames is also very regulated and gives the impression of it being divided and bought and sold.He notices a mark in every face I meet Marks of wisdom, marks of woe. This evidence of scars of weakness and great sadness in faces contrasts with the peaceful and gifted atmosphere Wordsworth gave to London.He hears mind-forgd manacles in crys of every man and Infants cry of fear he is referring to the fake, made up manacles that he cannot actually hear but knows that something is wrong.His repetition of cry continues to the next stanza where he talks of chimney-sweepers which are doing the dirty, hardest jobs and suffering for their work, an example of the depressed and morbid London.The description of the blackening church shows the soot taking over London and the church becoming almost evil, involved with dirty money or becoming corrupt. Even the church is starting to lose its faith.Another queen-sized part of London life is also criticised, the hapless soldiers sigh Runs in fund down rook walls. Fighting is going on around the palace but going unnoticed, the palace is oblivious to the corruptness going on inside its own walls.He contrasts the third stanza with the 4th final stanza, not only the church and palace and the huge industries of London are corrupt the streets are also. Thro the midnight streets I hear How the youthful harlots curse there is a lot of prostitution going on in the streets of London but was something that wasnt spoken about. The STDs, or curses blasts the new born infants tear. Implying that prostitutes pass on STDs and then these in turn energize passed on to the newborn babies of those who have any disease. Another example of a corrupt system in London, which now effects the innocent. And blights with plagues the marriage hearse. Sleeping with prostitutes firearm married destroys the whole point of marriage and then if the partner becomes pregnant another generation is born into corruption. The use of hearse shows how marriage is carried away as though dead and not taken seriously.The extremely regular meter helps put across the ordered ways he describes the beginning. These chartered and regulated ways shortly give way to the examples of how corruption is slowly taking over the whole city, the government, the church, the palace and the streets.The first poem also used a regular meter, which, also worked well in describing the city peacefully and happily.The two poems contrast greatly in not what they describe but how they describe it. Wordsworth has a much more calming poem, which in effect leaves the reader much more calm and peaceful. This is unlike Blakes who describes so much evil and chaos going on, his poem leaves the reader much more depressed and almost disgusted with how the people and industries of London are behaving.Their use of language is also quite different, Wordsworths entire poem is full of description of beauty, bright and glittering and full of splendour. He uses very grand descriptions of everything unlike the descriptions of Blake, which are quite harsh and blunt, blasts the new born infants tear, blights with plagues and runs in blood down palace walls.I did enjoy both poems but preferred the first, Lines composed upon Westminster because of its use of more soothing, happy descriptions of London. It made me feel much more relaxed after reading it whereas London left me feeling slightly more depressed and sad. Alt hough this may have been the aim of Blakes poem I preferred Wordsworths poem because it was much calmer.

Human resource Planning and Leadership roles

Human preference Planning and leading rolesHuman Resource Planning is the touch on by which an organization reassures that it has the overcompensate number and kind of people, at the right bulge outs, at the right time, capable of effectively and efficiently completing those tasks that will help the organization achieve its overall objectives (Decenzo and Robbins 2000). Vetter (1967) defined human alternative supply as the process by which management determines how the organization should move from its current manpower smear to its desired position. Through planning, management strives to have the right number and the right kinds of people, at the right places, at the right time, doing things which result in both the organization and the individual receiving maximum long-run benefits.Human resources planning should be a key component of nearly everycorporations strategic business planning. To ensure theircompetitive advantagein the marketplace, organizations essential imple ment sophisticated strategies that argon designed to enhance their employee retention rate and recruit fresh talent into their companies. In todays corporate environment, it is viewed as a valuable component for adding cheer to an organization. Both employees and the association will often realize many benefits of planning over the long-run.Contemporary human resource planning occurs within the broad setting of organizational and strategic business planning. It involves promise the organizations future human resource needs and planning for how those needs will be met. It includes establishing objectives and then come aparting and implementing programs (staffing, appraising, compensating, and train) to ensure that people ar available with the appropriate characteristics and skills when and where the organization needs them. It may also involve developing and implementing programs to improve employee performance or to increase employee felicity and involvement in order to boo st organizational productivity, quality, or innovation (Mills, 1 985b). Finally, human resource planning includes gathering data that can be employ to evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing programs and inform planners when re tidy sums in their forecasts and programs are needed.Strategic collaboration between small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and the large businesses they partner in crime can take many forms, such as locating a SMEs facility in close proximity to a buyers facility to enable just-in-time lecture of raw material, inputs and components collaborating on research and increase and product design to demonstrate organizational competencies and capabilities collaborating on supply chain activities to manage costs and promote operating(a) efficiency or delivering sourced human resource management activities (Doz and Hamel 1998). For large businesses, forming strategic alliances and collaborative partnerships can be critical to their ability to seize technologica l opportunities, to build critical resource strengths and competitive capabilities, to improve supply chain efficiencies and deliver value to their customers (Kaplan and Hurd 2002). Often these partners are small and medium sized enterprises, that are post to perform as secure partners (Ijose, Olumide).However, there has been little to no attention paid to the role the strategic human resource management (SHRM) practices of SMEs play in their ability to be valued and trusted strategic partners in the value chain of big businesses. Like any early(a) organization, the sophistication of their human resource management practices can lead to operational inefficiencies that can affect their ability to meet their obligations to corporate buyers (reference and relate sentence to big businesses where this has been proven). Factors that enable operating goodness include having a strong management group, recruiting and retaining talented employees, viewing training as a strategic activity , structuring the work effort in ways that promotes in(predicate) strategy execution, deploying an organizational structure that facilitates the proficient performance of strategy critical activities, instituting policies and procedures that facilitate good strategy execution, instilling a strategy supportive refinement and tying rewards and incentives to individual and team performance outcomes that are strategically relevant (Higgins 2005).Human resource planning involves plans for future needs of soulfulnessnel, their required skills, recruitment of employees, and development of personnel (Miller, Burack, Albrecht, 1980). Human resource prognostic and human resource audit are the two most important components of this type of planning. Human resource forecasting refers to predicting an organizations future demand for number, type, and quality of various categories of employees. The assessment of future needs has to be based on analysis of present and future policies and grow th trends. The techniques of forecasting include the formal expert survey, Delphi technique, statistical analysis, budget and planning analysis, and computer models. The human resource audit gives an account of the skills, abilities, and performance of all the employees of an organization (Werther Davis, 1982). recruitmentrefers to the process of attracting, screening, and selecting qualified people for a pipelineat anorganizationor firm. For some components of the recruitment process, mid- and large-size organizations often retainprofessional recruitersor outsource some of the process to recruitment agencies. Types of recruitment are1. External Recruitment MethodsDeveloprelationshipswith guidance and career counselors at colleges and universities and ask for help in recruiting for sacrifice positions. Reach out to professional organizations that are in line with the organizations mission, and ask to them to list open positions in their newsletters and emails to members. Organizat ions with financial resources should consider working with a recruitment firm, especially if the position is at a soaringer level or requires a specific skill or type of experience.2. Internal Recruitment MethodsBe clear about the skills and experience an applicant must possess. Post an open position internally first to assess whether there are qualified candidates within the organization. Consider interns, volunteers, temporary workers or consultants who may have been working in a similar capacity to the open position( management try outguideonline).A typical selection process consists of the following steps completed job application, initial screening, testing, indepth selection interview, physical examination, and job offer (French, 1982). In general, extension organizations use a simple companionship test and a brief interview to select extension personnel.An interviewis the most common form of selection as it is relatively cheap to take on and is the chance for an employer t o meet the applicant face to face and so obtain much more information on what the person is like and how suitable they are for the job. Examples of information that can only be learnt from interview and not on paper from a CV or application form areconversational ability-often known as people skillsNatural enthusiasm or manner of the applicantSee how applicant reacts under pressureQueries on comments or details missing from CV or application formThere are though other forms of selection tests that can be used in addition to an interview to help select the best applicant. The basic interview can be unreliable as applicants can perform well at interview but not have the qualities or skills needed for the job. Other selection tests can increase the chances of choosing the best applicant and so minimise the high costs of recruiting the wrong people. Examples of these tests are aptitude tests, intelligence tests and psychometric tests. Once the best candidate has been selected and agreed to take up the post, the new employee must be given anemployment contract.The training of personnel contributes directly to the development of human resources within organizations. Training programmes are directed towards maintaining and improving current job performance, musical composition development programmes seek to develop skills for future jobs (Stoner Freeman, 1992, p. 388). Training based on veridical field experience should be emphasized.Methods such as coaching, job rotation, training sessions, classroom instruction, and educational institute-sponsored development programmes are used to train managers.An important aspect of human resource management which needs special attention in organizations is the development of a reward system which will attract, retain, and spark extension personnel, as well as provide training and promotional opportunities.Skinners reinforcement theory, Vrooms foreboding theory, Maslows need-hierarchy theory, Adams equity theory and Herzber gs two- actor theory are the five main approaches that have created the understanding of penury.In 1943, Maslow gave a list of five types of needs of employees i.e. ego, safety, physiological, self- actualizing and social. Maslow utter that all type of needs of employees should be fulfilled in some priority levels, as the fulfillment of their needs would bring a great know of motivation in the employees. Motivators and hygiene were the two categories in which Herzberg divided motivation in 1959. bloodline satisfaction is provided by recognition and achievements of employees which contribute to intrinsic factors and motivation. Job dissatisfaction is developed as a result of low pays and insecurity of jobs that contribute towards extrinsic factors or hygiene.Performance was the major area of relevance which contribute towards rewards and go on increased performance according to Vroom in 1964. There may be positive or negative categories of rewards. The motivation of an employee depends upon the rewards as positive rewards motivate the employees and negative rewards demotivate them.According to Adams equity among workers plays a major role in motivating employees. Equity is achieved when the ratio of employee outcomes over inputs is equal to other employee outcomes over inputs (Adams, 1965).In 1953, Skinner mentioned that the positive behavior of the employees should be motivated to be repeated and negative behavior should be strictly dealt so that it shouldnt be repeated. Behavior of employees should be observed strictly by managers. Managers should be made liable to enforce the positive behavior of employees that lead to positive results and demotivate the negative behavior of employees that leads to negative outcomes.The enormousness of certain factors in motivating employees was studied by James R. Lindner in 1998, who was Research Associate at Ohio State University. Ten motivating factors were revealed by the study as following (a) interesting work, (b) ) tactful discipline, (c) good wages, (d)job security, (e) feeling of being in on things, (f) sympathetic help with personal problems, (g) personal loyalty to employees, (h) full tasting of work done (i) good working conditions, and (j) promotions and growth in the organizationSome interesting factors into employee motivation were revealed by comparison of above results to Maslows need-hierarchy theory. elicit work is a self-motivating factor which is considered rank one motivation factor. Good wages is a physiological motivation factor which is ranked two. High appreciation of work done is another major esteem factor which is ranked at number three. Job security known as the safety factor is another major motivation facto ranked at number four. In 1943, Maslow declared that interesting work, safety, esteem, physiological and social factors are the most important motivation factors that must be satisfied first. Good pay and increase in pays will be second most important factor s that should be addressed by managers. Range of motivational factors suggested by Maslows study is challenged by the following study. This study doesnt confirm that Maslows conclusion of ascending order of motivational factors to be satisfied. Ken Shah and Prof. Param J. Shah revealed the properties that a manager should have as followingEvaluate yourself-In order to motivate, raise and control your staffs demeanour, it is essential to understand, encourage and control your own behaviour as a manager.Be familiar with your staff-The more and the better he knows his staff, the simpler it is to get them involved in the job as well as in achieving the team and organizational goals.Provide the employees certain benefits-Give them bonuses, pay them for overtime, and give them health and family insurance benefits. Make sure they get breaks from work.Participate in new employees stimulus generalisation programme- Induction proceeds with recruitment advertising. At this point of time, t he dominance entrants start creating their own impressions and desires about the job and the organization. The manner in which the selection is conducted and the consequent recruitment process will either build or damage the impression about the job and organization.Provide feedback to the staff constantlyAcknowledge your staff on their achievementsEnsure effective time managementHave stress management techniques in your organizationGive the employees learning opportunitiesListen effectivelyDevelop and encourage creativityAdopt job enrichment-Job enrichment implies giving room for a better quality of working life. It means facilitating people to achieve self-development, fame and success through and through a more challenging and interesting job which provides more promotional and advancement opportunities.Respect your teamSet realistic goals Set moderate goals. riding horse too high a task creates a feeling of non-achievement, right from the beginning itself.Think like a winner A manager has to give care two situations, The Winning and The loosing. The crux is to think like a winner even when all the odds seem against you. It is necessary to equip yourself with all the tools of a winner.An executive must have the right lead traits to influence motivation. Both an employee as well as manager must possess leading and motivational traits. An effective leader must have a thorough knowledge of motivational factors for others. He must understand the basic needs of employees, peers and his superiors. Leadership is used as a means of motivating others.According to Keith Davis, Leadership is the ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives enthusiastically. It is the human factor which binds a group unneurotic and motivates it towards goals.( managementstudyguideonline)Characteristics of LeadershipIt is a inter-personal process in which a manager is into influencing and guiding workers towards attainment of goals.It denotes a few qualities to be prese nt in a person which includes intelligence, maturity and personality.It is a group process. It involves two or more people interacting with each other.A leader is involved in shaping and moulding the behaviour of the group towards accomplishment of organizational goals.Leadership is situation bound. There is no best manner of leadership. It all depends upon tackling with the situations.Leadership and management are the terms that are often considered synonymous. It is essential to understand that leadership is an essential part of effective management. As a crucial component of management, remarkable leadership behaviour stresses upon grammatical construction an environment in which each and every employee develops and excels. A manager must have traits of a leader, i.e., he must possess leadership qualities. Leaders develop and begin strategies that build and sustain competitive advantage. Organizations require robust leadership and robust management for optimal organizational ef ficiency. (managementstudyguideonline)Differences between Leadership and ManagementLeadership differs from management in a sense thatWhile managers lay down the structure and delegates authority and responsibility, leaders provides direction by developing the organizational vision and communicating it to the employees and inspiring them to achieve it.While management includes focus on planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling leadership is mainly a part of directing swear out of management. Leaders focus on listening, building relationships, teamwork, inspiring, motivating and persuading the followers.While a leader gets his authority from his followers, a manager gets his authority by virtue of his position in the organization.While managers follow the organizations policies and procedure, the leaders follow their own instinct.Management is more of science as the managers are exact, planned, standard, logical and more of mind. Leadership, on the other hand, is an a rt. In an organization, if the managers are required, then leaders are a must/essential.While management deals with the technical dimension in an organization or the job content leadership deals with the people aspect in an organization.While management measures/evaluates people by their name, past records, present performance leadership sees and evaluates individuals as having potential for things that cant be measured, i.e., it deals with future and the performance of people if their potential is fully extracted.If management is reactive, leadership is proactive.Management is based more on written communication, darn leadership is based more on verbal communication.The leadership style varies with the kind of people the leader interacts and deals with. A perfect/standard leadership style is one which assists a leader in getting the best out of the people who follow him. There are three main categories of leadership stylesautocratic, paternal and democratic (tutor2uonline)Autocrat ic(or authoritarian) managers like to make all the important decisions and closely supervise and control workers. Managers do not trust workers and simply give orders (one-way communication) that they expect to be obeyed. This approach has limitations but it can be effective in certain situations. For example When quick decisions are needed in a company (e.g. in a time of crises).Paternalisticmanagers give more attention to the social needs and views of their workers. Managers are interested in how happy workers feel and in many ways they act as a father figure. They consult employees over issues and listen to their feedback or opinions. The manager will however make the actual decisions (in the best interests of the workers)Ademocraticstyle of management will put trust in employees and encourage them to make decisions. They will delegate to them the authority to do this (empowerment) and listen to their advice. This requires good two-way communication and often involves democratic discussion groups, which can offer useful suggestions and ideas. Managers must be willing to encourage leadership skills in subordinates.Because the purpose of human resource planning is to ensure that the right people are in the right place at the right time, it must be linked with the plans of the total organization. Traditionally, there has been a weak one way linkage between business planning and human resource planning. occupancy plans, where they exist, have defined human resource needs, thereby making human resource planning a reactive exercise. Thus a final challenge in human resource planning is balancing current needs-of organizations and their employees-with those of the future. The criterion against which this balancing act is measured is whether employees are currently at the right place doing the right things but yet are ready to adapt appropriately to different activities. To ensure this, a harmonious relationship between employer and employee, and effective leadersh ip style is essential.

Advantages and disadvantages of public and private companies

Advantages and disadvantages of reality and private companiesPublic companies thrust the advantage oer private companies in access to capital to grow the air. But private companies can react to a greater extent quickly to challenges and opportunities without going through exhaustive ratiocination making processes.Advantages and disadvantages of everyday companies.Public follow is able to raise funds and capital through the sale of its securities it is important historically. To ease of raising capital public companies may issue their securities as requital for those that provide services to the companies, such as their directors, officers and employees. The basic advantage of public facilities is that the tax paid by the slew is used in developing facilities for the people who paid the taxes. Public companies are typically established fair market value in the stock substitution where it is determined by price of security and sold where security is traded.The cost of being pub lic is huge and the benefits are questionable if you are a microcap. A public political party has to meet the requirement to publicly disclose much monetary information which could be useful to competitors. Public companies spend more for advised public accountants and other bureaucratic paper lap required of public companies by g everywherenment regulation. Public companies need a huge capital to get out the capital market for purchasing equipment and plant expansions. Because of security regulations public companies requires doing more of paperwork. Public companies have an additional cost for administrative overhead and soulfulnessnel necessary to meet regulatory requirement. It could be quite expensive for stockholders for mailings.Advantages and disadvantages of private companiesPrivate companies are less expensive as it requires very less paper work and very limited shareholders. As it is the private companies information are secured, so thats the way they are dealing m ore with government agency, because private companies works fond with government. The business is kept confidential as it is a private comp all which is less interacting with media or press. Shareholders have very less liability, as they have agree upon business stability notwithstanding the business is not disturbed by the death of shareholders.While private companies may also issue their securities as compensation for services, the recipient of those securities often have difficulty selling them on the open market. Private companies have high taxes, less dividends and the often deter short-medium sized business possessors.Ans) 2 The small private companies are directed on the attentions to contral according to the commandant theory it is excercised by the people. The power to deploy the resources are pointed by the persons or a sort of persons. The person who has such power can command over this resources. By using commander notion we cannot appear into the reasonable comme nt of principle and functions of account statement without using false abstraction, such as the entity or fund.A sole proprietor is a commander. So the proprietor have hold over the resources of their firm as they are emphasies by the possessorship aspect. Control is an economic function whereas ownership have to work in the legal relationship. lettuce is generated from the resources have ability to command over this resources by the proprietors. According to commander theory the supporters are undue and placed on the proprietor as owner rather than as manager.But in large companies shareholder have very less command over its resources as they are part of owners, managers have very limited control over resources.The focus of invoice for such companies affects the functions of accounting which is carried out for commanders. For the benefit of the people accounting records are maintain, financial account are prepared and are analysed by people on and behalf of people. And finan cial statement reports by commander to commander. The commander of the firm undertakes accounting procedures, accept owner or entity or fund.In the balancesheet the report of which is showing the resources which is entrusted to the commander and control but does not own. Balancesheet is prepared on behalf of commander is a statement which shows the sources from hwere the commander has rececived resources and the application of those resources. In the accounting practice commander theory is not directly effected. trademarked and entity theories appears on the oppostie view which is the notion of economic control, and the use of procedures cerebrate to propietrary and entity view are simaltaneouly emphasised by the commander theory. In determining the nature of asset and in determining what entities become paramount by the notion of control which is included in consolidation account.The objective of financial objective is dependent for small enterprise which value upon to pursued de cision making, practical and control. The generate the value in control and not easily measurable, and small business frequently taking action such as if the company needs more new capital for business but they will refuse to bring new stockholders. To access the financial infornmation from the external financing inevitably brings with it and arranged its over coming difficulties between those enterprise and the financiers concerned. The information of a report that of a small enterprise must required to support the debt financing.Financing and lolly diffusion decisions made in small enterprise might be strongly influnced by a desire to avoid such accountibility.Ans) Proprietary theory emphasies for the small business whereas entity theory for large business. Proprietary theory views the firm as an renewal of its owners but by keeping in mind as an accounting purpose the entity does not exist seperately from its owners. For this outlook it is supported by the various participant i n the business sectors. In large companies shareholders who has very limited holdings but they are not seen as owner of the company but looks as an investors. So they believe that they are working for company and as an shareholders. For the benefit of the company they reinvest their dividends as belonging to the company.As from the owners perspective financial statement are prepared for the advantage of the owners. And for controlling shareholders assets of the company is seen as asset of company whereas liablities of company are viewed as a liabilities. As an wealth of the company increases with increases in revenue and decreases with more expenses. The proprietary theory affects the completely in each sole company for increasing profit instead of entire companies.As per the entity theory they maintain financial statement under the joint financial statement as per the view of the business entity. For the accounting purpose legal entity are separately considered from owner. In the interest of the entity consolidated statement are intended to all parties of the entity. The person who are having ownership interest in the consolidated entity are considered separately and distinct as an controlling and non-controlling shareholders of the entity. No preference, no emphasis is given to any members of these entity group such as controlling shareholders non-controlling shareholders and consolidated entity. All profit or loss assets or liabilities equity are merged into one group of entity under the entity theory and they are united for one entity as not for separate controlling and non- controlling shareholders who are involved in the joint bread income and the ownership of business group.If a company decides to transform itself into a public company from a private company their is no magic or aspect which qualifies a private company to transform into a public company but the factors which determine a public company can hire people of shareholders from any market which can sells its product or services. And company should keep in mind a good regional and national market is in a boom situation you can transform into the public company. The best way to know that it is beneficial or not for company whether it should transform to public company is their management team can grow your company or not and their profit margin because it affects on the accounts of the company.Ans4) Yes, I do agree with this statement. Proprietary view of accounting keeps in mind as an interest of all accounting concepts, procedures and rules are formulated to the owners. Owners of the company seeks to acheive their purpose and to maximise their profit or wealth. As per the proprietary view for the small business really control by their owners and generally are not necessary to prepare general-purpose financial statement for a business.General purpose financial statment is only prepared when it is needed by its users for its financial statement which is opposed to get those requirement of only a exacting group such as an management, creditors, investors or regulatory bodies. And this whole prupose of financial statement is based on GAAP (Generally accepted accounting principle).Small business does not require to prepare general purpose financial statement and they do not really make an extension of their owners because their profit will be maximise and will not be managed properly. On presenting accounting standards for small business entities they have their levels for satisfaction or dissatisfaction which are hurdles and burden on imposing the financial statement to the prepares and their standards become weaker. Small business entities cannot bear to maintain financial statement as it is costly and taxing which casues the overall cost to continue to increase.http//www.smartcompany.com.au/Free-Articles/The-Briefing/20081127-Private-companies-more-likely-to-fail.html

Coca-Cola Management Assignment

Coca- the skinny Management AssignmentCoca- low-down ManagementExecutive SummaryCoca- poop is one of the atomic subjugate 82 manufacturers of carbonate drinks all over the world. Over the past decades, Coca-Cola remained on top of the industry. The troupe was able to stretch forth the World War II, and even took it as a business opportunity rather than a liability. It was able to surpass the Asian Financial Crisis and even gained better access in markets that it was not able to to the full enter. Coca-Cola exhibited the efficient convince heed as part of the strategic c atomic number 18 process. Change forethought is the process in which it manages the alter in the side of people. in that respect individual convince vigilance and compositional intensify management argon the theories of change management. Aside form the theories there are also four strategies of change management which are the Empirical-rational, normative-reeducative, power-coercive and surroundal-adap tive.This paper examines the various changes that occurred in Coca-cola. Moreover, this paper also discusses the management styles that managers of Coca-cola defend adopted. The paper talks about management strategies and analysis will be given on Coca-cola. In addition, there is also a discussion on theories of change and change management.IntroductionOver the past years people, systems and the surroundings bemuse evolved. Change is the only function that is constant in this ever changing world. From the physical attri furtheres of individuals, up to the environment, change is very evident. Just like the environment and people, businesses also undergoes changes, it can be either massive or minimal. Often times, changes occur in the management of the corporation, in prepare to keep up with the competition. check to MacCalman and Paton (2000) the people who went home winners and on top have the common characteristics of effectively handling the changes in the situation. Change s in management is a process that any organisation must undergo, a business will not be complete if it never experienced change.Prior to discussing change management, the word change must be first gear defined. According to Davidson (2001) change is the significant difference in what was before. In business it means accomplishing tasks in a sassy-made format, following new directions, acquiring new technologies, new management procedures, acquisitions and merging and other of import events in corporations. Moreover, Davidson described the characteristics of change. According to him change is significant, prolonged and disruptive and change is a unremitting process of alignment. Davidson (2001) argued that change is significant, prolonged and disruptive. In this attribute, change in an organisation includes venturing into new areas of business, such as entering new products in the new market, veneer an unexpected event such as economic crisis and redirection of the company.Accor ding to Kudray and Kleiner (as cited by Davidson), an aligned organisation must have a continuous synchronisation of the classical management levers such as outline, operation, culture and reward. Kudray and Kleiner discussed that in these management levers, the managers, chief executive officers and supervisors are responsible for manipulating and rearranging both the human and non-human elements.In addition, MaCalman and Paton discussed that change is an important aspect in the business world especially in technology and innovation, from simple technologies and procedures up to to a greater extent complex operating environments, nowadays technologies and products are approaching together to achieve a common conclusion or objective.Organisations that resist changes will inevitably face wider exposure to risks and losses. There are a number of situations in which change is necessary indoors the organisation such as technological advancement that is being utilised by different co mpanies in lay out to cope up with the competition. Aside from what was mentioned earlier, there are still many issues and concerns that are necessary for change in the organisation, however the most substantial thing is that organisations acknowledge that changes happen constantly for different reasons and the management must mention these changes as soon as achievable to prevent great losses. In tattle to the discussion of management issues, this paper will be discussing the business strategies of Coca-Cola Company in accordance to change process.Change Management TheoriesNickols (2006) has four basic definitions of change management, fit in to him it is a task of managing changes, a field of professional practice, a body of knowledge and information and a control mechanism.Task of Managing Change- Nickols (2006) defined managing changes as the devising of transformation in a aforethought(ip) and systematic fashion.He stated that the main objective of managing change is to e fficiently utilise new techniques and methods within the organisation, moreover the changes to be handled depends upon the control of the organisation.Area of Professional Practice- in what way professional practice came into managing changes? Are there any relations between the dickens? Years ago, managing changes in a corporation is done by the management, supervisors, and CEO of the company, but nowadays with the constant change in the concepts of business and evolution of new theories a number of people have veritable firms that particularly addresses the issues regarding managing changes. According to Nickols (2006), there are a number of individuals and consulting firms that declare they engaged in activities that involves planned change and that the firm exercises change management practices.A Body of Knowledge- The body of knowledge in change management according to Nickols (2006) includes the following, models, methods and techniques, official documents and various form s of knowledge that constructs the change management practice. Moreover, Nickols discussed that the content of change management is influence by sociology, psychology, business administration, industrial engineering, economics, systems engineering and human and organisational behaviour.Control Mechanism- over the past years groups and individuals handling the information systems of organisation have tried to control and direct changes to the applications and systems of the company, however, in recent years people working in this particular area have referred this mechanism of control as Change management.Perception regarding change management has evolved over the past years. Change management is utilised in new procedure, structures, and technologies in format to overpower the resistance to change, however as studies and ideas regarding change management evolved over the past years, the view on change management switched from a tool in overcoming resistance to developing strength a nd involvement in transformation. Due to this change management is now regarded as leadership ability than a antiphonary instrument in handling resistance.Coca-Cola Corporation Management StrategiesCoca-Cola was established on May 8, 1886 by Dr. John Stith Pemberton, a local pharmacist in Atlanta, Georgia. It was first sold in Jacobs pharmacy for five cents per glass. Initially Coca-cola was sold as a drug, Pemberton during that time considers Coca-cola as a cure for diseases such as dyspepsia, morphine addiction, headache and impotence (North America Operating System, 2008).In the year 1985, due to the aggressive campaign of its rival Pepsi, the Coca-Cola Company re canonted the popular carbonated drinks to movement the preference of the consumers which is sweeter soda. However, the New shock became a commercial failure which leads to the adverse reaction of the public. Protests from different sectors of the society emerged. Due to these events the company return the original for mula and named it Coca-Cola Classic. Despite returning the original formula, the company still received accusations from different groups. In the year 2005 the company launched and announced their upcoming products which are the Diet Coke and Coca-Cola Zero (The Coca-Cola company case n.d.).Coca-cola Company is clearly one of the most popular companies in the world. Aside from the fact that it is also one of the oldest corporations that was able to withstand World War II and other changes in the economy over the past years. The fact still remains that it is one of the most famous brands of Cola in the world (The Coca-Cola company case n.d.).The Coca-Cola Company was able to resist the hindrances that occurred the company was able to utilised change management as efficiently as possible to withstand the obstacles.As mentioned earlier, changes in management is caused by three different factors which are the external environment, internal changes and the proactive reaction to possible threats and difficulties. immaterial Environment Evaluation- over the past decades, the Coca-Cola Company has faced a number of changes in the external environment that have transformed the management of the company. bingle of the crush examples is during the World War II. The company was able to maintain the status of the company, at the same time, was able to enter new markets despite the environment. Instead of lying-low because of the war, the company became more aggressive through providing free drinks for the GIs during the World War II. Through this the corporation was able to hit two birds at one stone. First, because the carbonated drinks sent by the company, it became a patriotic symbol by the United States soldiers in which led to consumer loyalty. Second, the company was able to take advantage of the situation and established the product in newly-occupied countries by the Ally forces and because of that the company established plants in various locations worldwide pavi ng the way for its post-war expansion.Another aspect in the external environment is the change of taste and expectations of the consumers. During the mid-1980s wherein the Americans favoured the sweet taste of the rival product, the company created its counterpart but became a commercial failure however instead of backing down, Coca-Cola changed its management strategy and returned the old formula, and exactly renamed it as Coca-Cola Classic. And with the rise of obesity in the United States and consumers became health conscious the company released new versions of Coke in order to address the needs of these type of consumers, such products include Diet Coke and Coca-Cola Zero.In addition, according to Bool (2008) companies such as Coca-Cola are compulsory to transform due to trends that have a huge impact on their business, and one of these trends is the health and fitness. A number of people are noe investing more in their health, and in order to keep up with the trend, Coca-Col a introduced their new product which is a calorie burning soft drink, the Enviga. Moreover, Coca-Cola is collaborating with the Swiss company Nestle. Coca-Cola is dealing with innovation and change. During the Asian Financial Crisis, Coca- Cola was also triggered to change its course of management in that particular region. The responses and reactions of Coca-Cola with the external environment are its internal changes.Internal Changes- as mentioned earlier, Asia experienced its financial crisis in 1997. According to Barton, Newell and Wilson (2002) as the financial crisis swept the Asian region, the chief executive officer, Douglas Daft responded to this by mobilising his executives to workshops about how Coca-Cola would seize new growth opportunities. Barton et al, stated that Coca-Cola gave fury on acquisition opportunities, Coca-Cola bought acquired bottling business in South Korea which gave more access in retail stores in South Korea, as well as, better first appearance in Ch ina, Japan and Malaysia. Coca-Cola disregarded its country-defined market perspective and focused on regional strategic view and acquired local brands of tea and coffee.In the case of health trends and changing taste of the consumers, Coca-Cola responded to this through innovation and change. Innovation is accomplished through development of new products such as the Enviga, Diet Coke, Coca-Cola Zero, and other variants of Coke. The change is incited by the trend in health and fitness and consumer tastes which had an impact on the business of Coca-Cola. During World War II, the response of Coca-Cola to the situation is to provide free drinks to the GIs in order to access new markets in which the company was able to do.Risk Management- Companies whether it is small or large are already acting in advance in order to combat the possible risks that may arise in the future. According to Neville (2005) in the wake of 911, the insurance market have changed, big companies reconsider the poss ible risks and how are they going to use insurance, in Coca-Cola after the prices increased the company look past the typical path of buying insurance directly but instead Coca-Cola considered wholesale insurance through captives.In the year 2000, The Business Wire, reported that Coca-Cola changed its senior(a) management team and organisational structure for the purpose of facing the opportunities, threats and challenges as the company enters the new phase of management. Moreover, Coca-Cola North America is decentralising its organisation, as well as, pushing accountability and authority into the field of the organisation.The change in the senior management is one change management step that Coca-Cola have undergone in order to increase the efficiency of the company. The appointed individuals are seasoned beverage bottling executives accordingly Coca-Cola sees consistent increase in the revenues of the company. The change in the senior management has been effective because the sa les of Coca-Cola in North America have been consistent. In addition, according to North America Operating System. (2008), the company undertook a significant change in which an organisational structure was developed to respond to the needs of consumers through incorporating the North American bottle and can, fountain and juices in a single unit of operation. Through this change it enhanced the way beverage choices are created, and it unifies the system of the supply chain, procurement and distribution in which it increased the efficiency of services to consumers.Individual Change Management- According to Hiatt and Creasey (2002) individual change management is the process in which the company provides tools and develop to its employees to be able to handle their personal transition through change. The ADKAR Model, according to Hiatt and Creasey is a model that can be use as an individual change management. The ADKAR model shows five stages an individual undergoes during the proces s of change (Hiatt and Creasey 2002)Awareness of the need to change- in Coca-Cola employees, stakeholders and even consumers are informed in the changes, especially in the management, just like in the case of appointing Shaun B. Higgins as the new president of the Coca-Cola Company in 2005. Desire to participate and support the change- the employees in Coca-Cola especially the ones in the management positions participate in the changes that the company must undergo, like in the case of changing the packaging of Coca-Cola. Knowledge about how to change- the senior managers of Coca- Cola have passable knowledge regarding the changes that must take place within the company, an example is in the case of Daft in which he had knowledge on changes that must be done in order to counter the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. Ability to implement new skills- Coca-Cola has a long history of changes, some are failures, but most of the time it is effective, therefore the company has the ability to put into action the changes that the company have developed, take the case of Daft, together with his team, they were able to implement the changes, not just in one country but a whole region successfully. Reinforcement to keep the change in place- Coca-Cola is an established company and has already made a mark not just in the lives of Americans but most people in this world. The successful implementations of the changes in the company are due to the strict reinforcement of changes in the company. Organisational Change Management- this theory presents a general procedure for managing the change in the side of the people at an organisational take aim (Kotter, 1996). According to Hiatt and Creasey, the organisational change management is consists of three phases, which are, preparing for change, managing change and reinforcing change.The theory of organisational change management was effectively utilised by Coca-Cola. Different managers in various split of the world have used organ isational change management in order to address the issues that the Coca-Cola faced. From the case study (The Coca-Cola company case n.d.) these people areOne of the most notable CEOs of Coca-Cola Company is Mr. Gouzueta, he was the chief executive officer of Coca-Cola for seventeen years. He was able to determine the problem against other manufacturer of carbonated drinks. Mr. Gouizetta played a huge role in measuring the operation of Coca-Cola and developed strategies that aided the Coca-Cola to defeat competition. In addition, Mr. Gouizetta played important roles in grooming and leading the tasks in achieving the goals and objectives. In addition, Mr. Gouizetta also appointed Mr. Ivester whom transformed the weakness of Coca-Cola into opportunities and strengths (The Coca-Cola company case. n.d.).Furthermore, the paper of Pigseye, the following organisational management changes that occurred in Coca-Cola over the past years. Coca- Cola has distinguished various forms of its adve rtisements in order to target different forms of consumers instead of focusing on one group. The company changed the packaging of Coke. Coca- Cola also developed new products such as Gatorade and it extended globally which is composed of the African group, Middle and Far East group, the Latin America group and the European radical (The Coca-Cola company case. n.d.).ConclusionChange management is a process in which all companies undergo. This is an important procedure because it enables the organisation to make decisions that will be opportune and beneficial to the company. In addition, organisations that are open to change are generally more successful compare to companies that resist it. In a globalise market, new technologies and procedure are emerging rapidly, in order to keep up with this progress a company must be willing to adapt to management changes. The international, as well as, the local market has a very stiff competition, therefore in order to be on top change manageme nt must be utilised by companies. Coca-Cola is one of the best examples of companies that utilised change management efficiently and have yielded positive results. The evidence is the dominance of Coca-Cola in the soft drink industry not just in the United States but all over the world.ReferencesBarton, D., Newell, R. Wilson. G. 2002, When Is a Good Time to Make strategical Advances? during a Crisis, of Course. The McKinley Quarterly, pp. 77+Bool, H. 2008, Change and Pressures to Innovate- The Coca Cola Case. Ezine Articles, viewed 30 January 2008, http//ezinearticles.com/?Change-and-Pressures-to-InnovateThe-Coca-Cola-Caseid=328921 Business Wire 2000, Coca-Cola Enterprise Inc. Announces Management Changes and North America Group Reorganisation.Davidson, J.P. 2001, The Complete retards Guide to Change Management, Alpha BooksHiatt, J. Creasey, T. 2002, The Definition and History of Change Management, viewed 30 January 2008, http//www.prosci.com/tutorial-change-management-history.h tml.Kotter, JP. 1996, Leading Change, Harvard Business School PressMacCalman, J. and Paton, R. 2000, Change Management A Guide to Effective Implementation, Sage Publications Inc.Neville, L. 2005, Insurers Seek New Role in A Changing World, Global Finance, viewed 30 January 2008, http//www.gfmag.com/2005/Apr/c_ci/fe_art06.phpNickols, F. 2006, Change Management 101 A Primer, Distance Consulting, viewed 30 January 2008, http//home.att.net/nickols/change.htm.North America Operating System. 2008, Coca-Cola Company, viewed 30 January 2008, http//www.thecoca-colacompany.com/investors/annualandotherreports/2003/opseg.shtmlThe Coca-Cola company case. n.d., Pigseye, viewed 30 January 2008, http//pigseye.kennesaw.edu/jmburu/case2.html

Workers Need a Living Wage Essay -- Its Time to Raise the Minimum Wag

Its 600am and that annoying beep of your alarm is ringing in your ears. You get up, start the coffee maker, shower, and get dressed in your work attire. You start your car and back out of your drive-way before noticing that youre running on the last fumes of your tank. You drive to nearest gas station where you serve gas prices have, once again, risen.The aforementioned scenario is only one of many examples of the depreciating value of the dollar. In event, in the past five years, the CPI-U has increased from 168.8 to 190.7 - thats a 12.97% inflationary increase (Historical CPI) Sure, to Corporate Joe in his fancy sports car, a few extra pennies for gas isnt much, but what about the school janitor who is trying to successfully take to task a family of four on minimum wage? The most immediate reality behind Living Wage organizing is the dramatic erosion of the minimum wage. evening with the 1996 increase to $5.15 an hour the buying power of the minimum wage is still 30 perc ent below its peak in 1968. This is true despite the fact the economy was about fifty percent more productive than in 1968. A minimum wage that had kept pace with productivity gains would be nigh $11.20 today (Pollin and Luce, 58). In fact, in 2003 the poverty rate rose from 12.1 to 12.5 percent leaving 35.9 million people at or below the poverty gunstock of $18,660 for a family of four (U.S. Census Bureau). These 35.9 million people trudge through their manual labor occupations day in and day out only to visit the (few) dollars they earn slowly depreciate in value. In 1906, John Ryan, advocate of the living wage, wrote Every man who is willing to work, has, therefore an inborn right to criminal maintenance from the earth and on reasonable terms or conditio... ...ome of the fiscal burden they experience. With the increasingly inflating dollar and therefore the depreciating value of the minimum wage, an implementation of a universal living wage would be the humanitarian thing to do.Works CitedHistorical Consumer Price Index. Historical CPI. 2003. 4 March 2015. Pollin, Robert and Stephanie Luce. The Living Wage create A Fair Economy. New York New Press, 1998.U.S. Census Bureau. Poverty 2003 Highlights. 26 August 2004. 25 February 2015.Glickman, Lawrence. A Living Wage American Workers and the Making of a Consumer Society. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press, 1997.Acorn.org. ACORN About Acorn. 2005. 2 March 2015.

Sports, Athletes, and Nutirion - Athletic Fuel :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Pure Athletic Fuel An athletes diet must include fargons particularly suited for the athletes sport. This has been an field of great study in recent years. Researchers are creating diets that provide athletes with the foods that contain high levels of the nutrients needed for each particular sport. For an athlete to have proper livelihood in sports, one must have knowledge of the six classes of nutrients and the four basic food groups. The six classes of nutrients are water, vitamins, minerals, fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Each class plays a various role in the energy cycle of the body. Water is essential. An adult male body weight is about 60 percent water. The average person involve two and a half liters of water a day. It is also known that a persons water mass is replaced every 11 to 13 days beneath light physical activity (Smith 91). With these facts in mind, it is understandable why an athlete, who undergoes heavy physical exertion, has an extreme n eed for large quantities of water. This water comes from the intake of all fluids and food during a day. Vitamins are needed in small amounts. It was the last class to be discovered. It is divided in to fat-soluble and water-soluble groups of vitamins. Vitamins help regulate body functions and are not a direct source of energy. Vitamins are needed in such small quantities that a persons natural diet impart provide around of the necessary amounts (Smith 5-7). The third class is minerals. This class is divided into the minerals needed in large amounts and the minerals needed in small amounts. The minerals needed in larger quantities include sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, phosphorus, and various chlorides. Sodium is needed in extremely large amounts for very active athletes. This is be causa a persons sweat contains sodium profuse sweating will cause a large drop in the sodium level of the body. Potassium is directly associated with muscle cells and mu scle fatigue. It affects the amount of water a persons body will hold. The other large-amount needed minerals provide for an athlete but have no direct effect on an athletes performance. The trace minerals number about fourteen.